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^A K 



MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS 

POWERS, DEVICES 
AND APPLIANCES 



Used in Constructive and Operative Machinery 
and the Mechanical Arts 



FOR THE USE OF 

INVENTORS, MECHANICS, ENGINEERS, DRAUGHTSMEN 

AND ALL OTHERS INTERESTeB IN ANY WAY 
IN MECHANICS 



BY V« ^^ 

GARDNER D. HISCOX, M.E. 

AUTHOR OF 

"Gas, Gasoline, and Oil Vapor Engines" 



Illustrated by Sixteen Hundred and Forty=Nine Engravings 

ESPECIALLY MADE FOR THIS BOOK 



SEVENTH EDITION 




NEW YORK 

NORMAN W. HENLEY & COIMPANY 

132 Nassau Street 
1901 




Copyrighted, 1899, 

BY 

NORMAN W. HBNLEY & CO. 



By Transfer 
R^clamaiion Bureau 
OCT 2 1 1938 



Macgowan & Slipper 
printers 






30 BEEKMAN ST., NEW YORK, N. Y, / I /^ LLlI (J ^ ^ 



PREFACE 

rr 

The need for an iliuatrated and condensed work of reference for 
the inventor, the mechanical student, the artisan, and the workingman 
with the ambition of an inquiring mind, has become not only 
apparent to teachers of mechanics, but a real want among all who 
are interested in mechanical thought and work. 

It is an interest the growth of which has been greatly encouraged 
by the rapid development of the inventive and mechanical arts during 
the past half century. 

The increasing inquiries from inventors and mechanics in regard 
to the principles and facts in constructive and operative mechanics have 
induced the author to gather such illustrations as have been found 
available on the subject of mechanical motions, devices, and appliances, 
and to place them in a form for ready reference with only sufficie7it text 
to explain the general principles of construction and operation, and as 
a partial exhibit of the mechanical forms in general use, with a view 
to place the largest amouiit of illustrated information within the limited 
means of the humblest seeker after mechanical knowledge. 

The field of illustrated- mechanics seems almost unlimited, and 
with the present effort the author has endeavored partially to fill a 
void and thus to help the inquirer in ideal and practical mechanics, 
in the true line of research. 

Mechanical details can best be presented to the mind by diagrams 
or illustrated forms, and this has been generally acknowledged to be 
the quickest and most satisfactory method of conveying the exact con- 
ditio7is of mechanical action and construction. 

Pictures convey to the inquiring mind by instantaneous compari- 
so?i what detailed description by its successive presentation of ideas 



and relational facts fails to do ; hence a work f?iat appeals directly 
to the eye with illustrations atid short attached descriptions^ it is hoped, 
will become the mea7is of an acceptable form of mechanical education 
that appeals to modern wants for the encouragement of inventive 
thought, through the study of illustrations and descriptions of the 
leading k7iown principles and facts in constructive art. 

The designiiig of the details of mechanical motion, devices, and 
applia7ices for specific purposes is an endless theme in the constructive 
mind, and if we may be allowed to judge from the vast number of 
applications for pate?tts, of which there have beeii over a million in 
the United States alone, and of which over six hundred thousand have 
been granted ift consideration of their Jtovelty and utility, the run of 
mechanical thought seems to have become a vast river in the progress 
of modem civilization. 

To bring into illustrated detail all the known forms and elements 
of construction is 7iot within the limit of a huma7i life ; but to explore 
the borders of inve7itive design through the W07-ks that have passed 
into record has been the principal aim of the author of this book. 

May, i8gg. GARDNER D. HISCOX, 



Bureau of Reclamacion 
Washington Office, Engineeitag Piles. 



CONTENTS. 

SECTION I. 
THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 

Weight, Resolution of Forces, Pressures, Levers, Pulleys, Tackle. 
The Resolution of Suspension — Lever Paradox — The Lever and Its Power — 
The Inclined Plane — The Wedge — The Screw — Worm Gear or Endless Screw 
— Chinese Wheel — Tackle Blocks — Chinese Windlass — Chinese Shaft Derrick — 
Compound Weight Motor — Rope Twist Lever — Spanish Windlass — Rope Grip 
Hook — Guy Rope Clip and Thimble — Rope End — Hemp Rope End. . . 15 to 26 

SECTION II. 

TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 

Ropes, Belts, Friction Gear, Spur, Bevel, and Screw Gear. 

Alternating Circular Motion — Circular Motion — Eccentric Crank — Capstan, or 
Vertical Windlass — Steering Gear — Jumping Motion — Rope Sprocket Wheel — 
V-Grooved Rope Pulley — Rope Transmission— Vibratory Motion — Transmission 
by Rope — Transmission by Rope to a Portable Drill or Swing Saw — Horizontal 
Rope Transmission — Rope Transmission — Rope Transmission to a Movable 
Shaft — Vertical Tension Carriage — Belt Lacing — Novel Belt Lacing -Over- 
and-Over Lacing — Interlocking Belt Lacing — Cross Lacing — Sectional Belt Lac- 
ing — Quarter Twist Belt — Full Twist Belt — Full Twist or Cross Belt — Belting 
to a Shaft at any Angle — Quarter Twist Return Belt — Change Speed Step 
Pulleys — Cone Pulleys — Curved Cone Pulleys — Shifting Device for Cone Pulleys 
— Belt Transmission — Belt Transmission of Power — Variable Transmission of 
Motion — Stop, Driving, and Reversing Motion — Two Speed Pulleys and Belts — 
Pulleys, Combined with a Differential Gear — Transmission of Two Speeds — 
Two-Speed Gear — Variable Speed or Cone Gearing — Transmission of Power 
— Frictional Rectilinear Motion — Variable Rotary Motion — Variable Motion 
— Friction Gear — Transmission of Variable Speed — Variable Speed Gear — 
Transmission of Rotary Motion — Combination of Friction Gear — Grooved Fric- 
tion Gearing — Variable Motion — Transmission of Circular Motion — Three Crank 
Link — Sprocket Wheel and Chain — Link Belt and Pulley — Toothed Link Chain 
and Pulley — Step Gear — V-Toothed Gearing — Oblique Tooth Gear — V-Toothed 
Gear — Split Spur Gear — Star Wheel Gear — Elastic Spur Gear — Internal Spur 
Gear and Pinion — Bevel Gears — Crown Wheel — Spiral Gearing — Oblique, Spur, 
and Bevel Gear — Oblique Bevel Gear — Gear Train — Worm Gear — Skew Worm 
and Wheel Gear — Uniform Intermittent Motion — Variable Speed Bevel Gear. 

27 to 43 



2 CONTENTS. 

SECTION III. 

MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 

Speed, Pressure, Weight, Numbers, Quantities, and Appliances. 

Prony Brake— The Prony Brake Rule — "Webber" Dynamometer — Measure- 
me-nt of Power — " Tatham's " Dynamometer — Bell-Crank Dynamometer — 
" Neer's " Rotary Transmitting Dynamometer — "Van Winkle's " Power Meter — 
Traction Recording Dynamometer — Friction Machine — Torsion Dynamometer- 
Tensile Testing Machine — Bourdon Pressure Gauge — Corrugated Tube-Pressure 
Gauge — Recording Pressure Gauge — Parallel Motion of the Indicator — Parallel 
Motion for the Indicator — "Amsler " Planimeter — " Lippincott " Planimeter — 
Centrifugal Speed Indicator — Speed Indicator — Meter Dial — Automatic Tipping 
Scale — Double Link Balanced Scale — Differential Weighing Beam — Engine 
Counter — Operation of a Counter — Intermittent Rotary Motion — Tire Measure 
Counter 44 to 54 

SECTION IV. 

STEAM POWER. 

Boilers and Adjuncts, Engines, Valves and Valve Gear, Parallel 
Motion Gear, Governors and Engine Devices, Rotary Engines, 
Oscillating Engines. 
"Stevens" Boiler — Plain Cylindrical Boilers — Hanging Water Drum Cylindrical 
Boiler — Cylindrical Double Flue Boiler — Internally Fired Flue Boiler — Hori- 
zontal Tubular Boiler — Locomotive Boiler — Marine Boiler — "Eclipse" Return 
Tubular Marine Boiler — " Galloway" Boiler — Internal Fired Cylindrical Tubular 
Boiler — " Dion " Vehicle Boiler — " Babcock and Wilcox " Water Tube Boiler — 
" Harrison " Boiler — Submerged Head Vertical Boiler — " Herreshoff " Boiler — 
" Thornycroft " Boiler—" See " Water Tube Boiler—" Yarrow " Water Tube 
Boiler — " Boyer's" Water Tube Boiler — " Hazelton" Boiler — " Climax " Boiler — 
" Moyes" Water Tube Boiler—" Wheeler" Vertical Tube Boiler—" Cahall " Ver- 
tical Water Tube Boiler — Vertical Water Tube Boiler — Boiler of the " Serpollet " 
Tricycle — " Serpollet's" Steam Generator — " Serves " Boiler Tube — Shaking and 
Tipping Furnace Grate — Shaking Grate for a Boiler Furnace — Furnace Grate 
with Dumping Sections — " Columbia" Stoker — "Playford" Mechanical Stoker — 
" American " Boiler Stoker — Mechanical Stoker— " Jones " Model of a Mechan- 
ical Stoker — " Meissner " Model of a Mechanical Stoker for a Furnace — Feed 
Worm and Air Blast — Petroleum Burner — Pop Safety Valve — Differential Seat 
Safety Valve — Safety Valve — Original Form of the ^olipile or Hero's Steam 
Engine — Steeple Engine — Vertical Engine, with Bell-Crank Lever — Inclined 
Paddle-Wheel Engine — Diagonal Twin-Screw Engine — T win-Screw Vertical 
Cylinder Engine — Trunk Engine — Oscillating Engine — Compound Oscillating 
Engine — Oscillating Hoisting Engine — Three-Cylinder Engine — Tandem Com- 
pound Vertical Engine — Compound Engines — Compound Yacht Engine — 
High-Speed Tandem Compound Engine — Modern High-Speed Engine — 
Single D Slide Valve — Balanced Slide Valve — Double-Ported Slide Valve — 



>, CONTENTS. 3 

*' Meyer " Cut-off Valve— Single D Slide Valve — Gridiron Slide Valve — Rotary 
Valves — Steam Engine Valve Chest — Balanced Slide Valve— Balanced Slide 
Valve (Buchanan & Richter's Patent)— " Richardson-Allen" Balanced Slide 
Valve — Balanced Throttle Valve— Wing Throttle Valve — Multiple Port Piston 
Throttle Valve — " Corliss " Valve Gear— Locomotive Link-Motion Valve Gear 
— Walschaert's Valve Gear — Reversing Link Motion — Valve Gear — "Joy's" 
Valve Gear — " Bremme " Valve Gear — Single Eccentric Valve Gear — Cam-Bar 
Valve Movement — Valve Gear of a: Cornish Engine — Variable Expansion Gear 
— Single Eccentric Variable Valve Throw — "Allen " Valve Lift or Toe — Tappet 
Lever Valve Motion — Starting Lever — Simple Unhooking Device — Simple Re- 
versing Gear — " Joy's " Hydraulic Shifting Eccentric — Shifting Eccentric — 
Valve Motion Eccentric — " Peaucellier's " Parallel Motion — Parallel Motion 
— "Cartwright's" Parallel Motion— Cross Head Slide— Rack Gear Parallel 
Motion — "Watt" Governor — Compensating Governor — Gravity Centrifugal 
Governor — Engine Governor — Centrifugal Ball Governor — Inverted Governor 
— Direct-Acting Centrifugal Governor — Spring Balanced Centrifugal Governor 
— Parabolic Governor — "Anderson's" Gyroscope Governor — Horizontal Cen- 
trifugal Governor — Vane or Wing Governor — Governor for a Steam Engine — 
Differential Governor — " Huntoon " Governor — " Proell " Governor — " Porter " 
Governor — " Richardson " Governor — Principle of the '* Pickering " Governor 
— " Pickering " Governor — Pulley or Fly-Wheel Governor — Crank-Shaft Gover- 
nor — Fly-Wheel or Pulley Governor — Slotted Cross-Head — Trammel Crank — 
Crank-Pin Lubricator — Centrifugal Crank-Pin Oiler — Centrifugal Lubricating 
Device — "Cochrane" Rotary Engine — "Franchot" Rotary Engine — Double 
Slide Piston Rotary Engine — "Lamb" Rotary Engine^ — "Cochrane" Rotary 
Engine — Rotary Engine — "Napuer" Rotary Engine — Roller Piston Rotary 
Engine — " Cochrane " Rotary Engine — " Boardman " Rotary Engine — " Smith'* 
Rotary Engine — :" Berrenburg " Rotary Engine — "Fletcher's" Rotary Con- 
densing Engine — " Bartrum and Powell " Rotary Engine — " Ritter " Rotary 
Engine — "Holly" Rotary Engine — "Stocker" Rotary Engine — "Forrester" 
Rotary Engine — " Kipp " Rotary Piston Engine — " Ruth's " Rotary Engine — 
*' Almond " Engine — Rotating Cylinder Engine — Rotary Multicylinder Engine 
— "Bates" Compound Vibrating Engine — "Davies*" Disc Engine — " Reu- 
leaux " Engine or Pump — " Link " Vibratory Engine — Oscillating Piston Engine 
— Vibrating Piston Engine — "Knickerbocker" Four Piston Rotary Engine — 
^* Root's " Double Quadrant Engine — " Root's " Square Piston Engine — 
" Dake " Square Piston Engine — "Wilkinson's" Steam Turbine — "Dow" 
Steam Turbine — " De Laval " Steam Turbine — " Parsons' " Steam Turbine. 

55 to lOO 

SECTION V. 

STEAM APPLIANCES. 

Injectors, Steam Pumps, Condensers, Separators, Traps, and Valves. 
"Peerless" Injector — " Shaeffer and Budenberg" Injector — "National" 
Automatic Injector — "Metropolitan" Injector — " Lunkenheimer " Injector — 
" Eberman " Injector — "Nathan" Injector — "Little Giant" Injector — " Pen- 
berthy" Special Injector — "Park" Injector — "Sellers'" Restarting Injector 



4 CONTENTS. 

— " Little Giant " Locomotive Injector — " Metropolitan " Double-Tube Injector 
— " Brownley " Injector — "Leader" Injector— " Excelsior " Injector — " Kort- 
ing" Injector — " Hancock " Inspirator — Ball-Valve Injector — " Hancock " Loco- 
motive Inspirator — ■' Standard " Injector — " Sellers' " Self-Adjusting Injector — 
Steam Pump — "Misch's " Valve Tappet — Independent Jet Condenser Pump — 
Ejector Condenser — Exhaust Jet Condenser — Balanced Reducing Valve — Pre- 
sure Reducing Valve — " Foster " Pressure Reducing Valve — " Hotchkiss " Boiler 
Cleaner — Feed-Water Heater — Steam Separator — Filter for Boiler — Return 
Steam Trap — Spring Steam Trap — Steam Trap — " Bundy " Steam Trap — 
Steam Trap with Valve — " Heintz " Steam Trap — " Moran's " Flexible vSteam 
Joint — Corrugated Expansion Coupling — Flanged Expansion Joint — Auto- 
matic Relief Valve — Horizontal Owing Check Valve — Globe Valve — Exhaust 
Steam Head — Centrifugal Exhaust Head loi to 114 

SECTION VI. 

MOTIVE POWER. 

Gas and Gasoline Engines, Valve Gear and Appliances, Connecting 
Rods and Heads. 

Gasoline Engine — Sectional Plan of a Gasoline Engine — Simple Gas or Gasoline 
Engine — Gasoline Engine Valve Gear — "Union " Model Gas Engine — Gasoline 
Carriage Motor — Vertical Gasoline Engine — Vertical Kerosene Oil Engine — 
"Diesel" Motor— Vertical Gas Engine — Street Railway Gas Motor Passenger Car 
— Gasoline Motor Car — Valve Gear — Double-Grooved Eccentric Valve Gearfor 
a Four-cycle Gas Engine — Plumb-Bob Governor — Inertia Governor — Pendulum 
Governor — Differential Cam Throw — Governor and Variable Cami — Inlet 
Valve — Gas Engine Valve Gear — Gasoline Vaporizer — Carburetter — Automatic 
Oiler — Uniform Automatic Oiler — Crank-Rod Head Adjustment — Trunk Piston 
Rod — Connecting Rod Head — Connecting Rod End — Solid Strap End — Steel 
Ball Adjustment — Solid End Connecting Rod — Forked End Connecting Rod 
— Adjustable Link — Link or Connecting Rod 115 to 127 

SECTION VII. 

HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 

Water Wheels, Turbines, Governors, Impact Wheels, Pumps, Rotary 
Pumps, Siphons, Water Lifts, Ejectors, Water Rams, Meters, Indi- 
cators, Pressure Regulators, Valves, Pipe Joints, Filters 

Overshot Water Wheel — Iron Overshot Wheel — Undershot Water Wheel — 
Saw-Mill Water Wheel — Breast Water Wheel — Flutter Wheel — Barker Wheel 
— Current Motor — Current Water Wheel — Fixed Bucket Water Raising Cur- 
rent Wheel — Bucketed Water-Raising Current Wheel — Current Wheel Water 
Lift — Drainage Wheel — Persian Wheel — Ancient Water Lift — "Archimedian" 
Screw Water Lift — Volute Turbine — High Pressure Turbine — " Leffel " Dou 
ble-Runner Turbine — "Jonval " Turbine — Turbine and Gate — "Lancaster ' 
Turbine — " Munson" Double Turbine — "Camden" Turbine — "Model " Turbine 



CONTENTS. 5 

— "Swain" Turbine — "Warren" Central Discharge Turbine — "Fourneron" 
Turbine— Belt Water- Wheel Governor — Water Wheel Governor — Impact 
Water Wheel — Pelton Water Wheel — Buckets of a Pelton V.'ater Wheel — 
Power of Water — Compound Beam Pumping Engine — "Dean" vSteam Pump 
- — Worthington Duplex Pump — Half-Yoke Connection — Yoke Connection — 
Re\ersing Movement — Double-Acting Lift and Force Pump — Double-Acting 
Differential Pump — Lift and Force Pump — Tramp Pumping Device — Lift Pump 
— Double Lantern Bellows Pump or Blower — Diaphragm Pump — "Fairburn" 
Bailing Scoop — Pendulum Water Lift — Chain Pump — Reciprocating Motion — 
Well Pulley and Buckets — Swape, or New Engine Sweep — Parallel Motion — 
** Golding" Centrifugal Pump — " Quimby" Screw Pump — Rotary Pump — " Pap- 
penheim " Rotary Pump — " Repsold " Rotary Pump — Tri-Axial Rotary Pump 
— Rotary Pump or Motor — "Cary" Rotary Pump — Vacuum Jet Condeviser 
and Rotary Pump — " Ramelli " Rotary Pump — " Heppel " Rotary Puni,;. — • 
" Emeru " Rotary Pump — " Knott " Rotary Pump — " Pattison " Rotary Pump 
— ' Cochrane" Rotary Pump — Hydraulic Transmission of Power — Sipiion — 
Ejector or Jet Pump — Automatic Water Ejector — Automatic Sprinkier — 
Hydraulic Ram — "Pearsall's" Hydraulic Ram and Air Compressor — bilent 
Hydraulic Ram — Double-Piston Reaction Hydraulic Ram — Water Meter — Disc 
Water Meter — Water Velocity Indicator and Register — Anchored Ferry i^oat — 
■"Mueller" Water-Pressure Regulator — "Mason" Water-Pressure Regulator — 
Pump Water-Pressure Regulating Valve — Hydraulic Press — Hydrostatic Press 
— Hydraulic Intensifier — Portable Hydraulic Riveter — Hydraulic Rail Bender 
— Hydraulic Rail Punch — Hydraulic Elevator Lift — Horizontal Hydraulic 
Elevator Lift — Hydraulic Pulling Jack — Water Purifying Filter — Reversible 
Filter — Filtering Cistern — Upward Flow Filter — Domestic Filter — Porous 
Water Filter — Stoneware Filter — " Ward " Flexible Pipe Joint — Flexible Bail 
Joint — Flexible Pipe Joints — Universal Pipe Joint — Toggle Clip Pipe Joint — 
Bibb — Disc Valve and Guard — Double-Beat Disc Valve — Hydraulic Valve — 
Multiple Ball Valve — Multiple Ring Valve — Double-Beat Pump Valve — Vibra- 
ting Motion — Variable Compensating Weights — Sand Auger — Driven Well — 
Automatic Flush Sewer Tank — Atomizer — Ball and Jet Nozzle — Spray Jet 
Nozzle — Hero's Fountain — "Chapman" Aspirator or Vacuum Pump — Hy- 
draulic Lift 128 to 1 62 

SECTION VIII. 
AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 

Windmills, Bellows, Blowers, Air Compressors, Compressed Air Tools, 
Motors, Air Water Lifts, Blowpipes. 

Aneroid Barometer, Box Kite — Curved Vane Windmill or Motor — Feathering 
Windmill — Hemispherical Cup Windmill — Windmill of our Grandfathers — 
Windmill and Steel Tower — Modern Windmill — Ancient Windmill — Electric 
Windmill Plant — Smith's Circular Bellows — Double Organ-Blowing Bellows 
— Three-Throw Bellows — Foot Bellows — Fan Blower — " Hodges" Compound 
Blower— "Wedding" Rotary Blower— " Fabry " Rotary Blower— " Root " 
Rotary Blower — Hydraulic Air Compressor — Piston Hydraulic Air Compressor 
— Tromp or Hydraulic Air Blast — Air Compressor — Hydraulic Air Compressor 



6 CONTENTS. 

— Automatic Air Compressor — Water-Jet Air Compressor — Trunk Air Com- 
pressor — Duplex Steam-Actuated Air Compressor — Compound Air Com- 
pressor — Duplex Air Compressor — Toggle-Joint Duplex Air Compressor — 
Air Compressor Cylinder — Piston and Valves — Air-Compressing Cylinder — 
Air Compressor Governor — Air-Cooling Receiver — Single Valve Air Pump — 
Crank Equalizing Angle — Crank Equalizing Angle in Air Compression - Direct 
Air Pressure Pump — Compressed Air Water Elevator — Raising Sunken Ves- 
sels — Compressed Air Lift System — Compressed Air Power — Compound 
Pneumatic Locomotive — Pneumatic Paint Sprayer — Portable Fire Ex- 
tinguisher — Eire Extinguisher — Compressed Air Lift — Duplex Pneumatic 
Riveter — Pneumatic Hammer — "Hotchkiss" Atmospheric Hammer — "Grim- 
shaw " Compressed Air Hammer — Cc^mpressed Air Sheepshearing Machine — 
Portable Riveter — Pneumatic Portable Riveter — Pneumatic Breast Drill — 
Pneumatic Motor Drill Stock — Air and Gasoline Torch — Torch Soldering Cop- 
per — Air and Gasoline Vapor Brazer^Air and Gasoline Brazing Apparatus — 
Double Cone Ventilator — Spiral Vane or Cov^^l — Wind Instruments. 163 to 186 

SECTION IX. 

ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 

Generators, Motors, Wiring, Controllit.'g and Measuring, Lighting, 
Electric Furnaces, Fans, Searchlight, and Et.ectrij^ Appliances, 
Series Wound Motor or Generator — Electric Generator Construction — Single- 
Pole Shunt Generator — Four-Pole Ring Armature — Ring Armature — Two- Pole 
or Shutde Spool Armature — Shuttle Armature — Multiple Brush Commutator — 
Bipolar Shunt Generator— Four- Pole Compound Generator — Electric Gener- 
ator Construction — Consequent-Pole Compound Generator — Triple-Expansion 
Engine and Multipolar Dynamo — Direct-Connected Vertical Compound Engine 
— Flexible Coupling — Car Truck Motors — Electric Fusible Cut-Out — Rheostat 
or Resistance Coils — Trolley Car — Sectional Feeder System — Street Railway 
Single Motor — Electric Car Brake — Electric Street-Car Brake — Electric Igniter 
— Sparking Dynamo — Magneto-Electric Machine — Electric Thermostat — Tele- 
phone Transmitter — Telephone Receiver — Electric Gas Lighter — Pocket Elec- 
tric Light — Arc Light and Regulating Gear — Luminous Fountain — Electric 
Heater — Electric Soldering Copper — Electric Sad Iron — Electric Searchlight — 
Electric Furnace — Open-top Electric Furnace — "Siemens" Electric Gas Fur- 
nace — "Cowles" Electric Furnace — Electric Welding Plant — Portable Electric 
Motor Drill Plant — Electric Perforating Pen — Electric Hoist — Electric Brake 
— Electric Rock Drill — Electric Fan — Electric-Driven Fan 187 to 202 

SECTION X. 
NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 

Vessels, Sails, Rope Knots, Paddle Wheels, Propellers, Road Scrapers- 

and Rollers, Vehicles, Motor Carriages, Tricycles, Bicycles, and 

Motor Adjuncts. 

Leg-of-Mutton Sail — Skip Jack — Square or Lug Sail — Lateen Rig — Split Lug 

or Square Sail — Two-Masted or Dipping Lug — Newport Cat-Boat — Sloop — 



CONTENTS. 7 

Lateen-Rigged Felucca — Pirogue — Three-Quarter Lug Rig — "Sliding Gunter*' 
— Skiff Yawl Rig — Sloop Yawl — Jib Topsail Sloop — The Cutter — Schooner 
Rig — Full Schooner Rig — Topsail Schooner — Club Topsail Rig — Hermaphro- 
dite Brig — A Brigantine — A Barkentine — Full-Rigged Brig — A Bark— Full- 
Rigged Ship — Ice Boat — Rope Knots and Hitches — Clove Hitch — Half Hitch 
— Timber Hitch — Square or Reef Knot — Stevedore Knot — Slip Knot — Flem 
ing Loop — Bowline Knot — Carrick Bend — Sheet Bend and Toggle — Sheet 
Bend — Overhand Knot — Figure Eight Knot — Double Knot — Blackwall Tackle 
Hitch — Fisherman's Bend Hitch — Round Turn and Half Hitch — Chain Stop 
— Disengaging Hook — Slip Hook — Releasing Hook — Boat-Detaching Hook — 
Swinging Oar-lock — Pivoted Steps — Screw Anchor — Floating Lighthouse — 
Stone Dry-Dock — Floating Dry-Dock — Feathering Paddle Wheel or \Yater 
Motor — Vertical Bucket Paddle ^Yheel — Feathering Paddle Wheel — Outward 
Thrust Propeller Wheel — Screw Propeller — Reversing Propeller — Reversing 
Screw Propeller — Screw Propulsion — Thrust Bearing — " Silver's " Marine Gov- 
ernor — Deep-Sea Sounding Ball — Sounding Weight Release — Sampler Sounding 
Weight — Submarine Lamp — Road Builders' Level — Road Machine — Reversible 
Road Roller — Road Roller — Single Eccentric Reversing Gear — Elastic Wheel 
— Spring Wheel — Application of Trace Springs — " Serpollet's" Steam Tricycle 
— Steam Fire Engine — Jacketless Gasoline Carriage Motor — Gasoline Motor 
Carriage — Light Electric Carriage — Electric Phaeton — Electric Brougham — 
Differential Gear — Baby-Carrier Tricycle — Electric Tricycle — Ice Bicycle — 
Bicycle Gear — Bicycle Crank — Swinging Bali-Bearing Bicycle Pedal — A. F. 
Haven's Planetary Crank Gear — Detachable Link Chain — Ball-Bearing Problem 
— Acetylene Bicycle Lamp — Bicycle Lamp 203 to 225 

SECTION XI. 
GEARING. 

Racks and Pinions; Spiral, Elliptical and Worm Gear; Differential 
AND Stop-Motion Gear; Epicyclical AxNd Planetary Trains; "Fer- 
guson's" Paradox. 

Ordinary Rack and Pinion — Doubling the Length of a Crank Stroke — wSawmill 
Feed — Rack Motion — Air-Pump Movement — Circular Rack — Rectilinear 
Vibrating Motion — Vertical Drop Hammer — Sector Pinion and Double Rack 
— Reciprocating Motions — Crank Substitute — Alternate Circular Motion — 
Quick Back Motion — Alternate Rectilinear Motion — Reciprocating Rectilinear 
Motion — Mangle Rack — Mangle Wheel — Mangle Wheel Gear — Continuous 
Rotary Motion — Mangle Machine Gear — Worm Screw Rack — Rotary Motion 
— Adjustable Feed Rolls — Saw-Tooth Worm Gear — Right- and Left-Hand 
Worm Gear — Three-Part Worm Screw— -Traversing Motion — Globoid Spiral 
Gear Wheels — Internal Worm-Gear Wheel — Worm-Gear Pinion — Anti-Fric- 
tion Worm Gear — Release Rotary Motion — Release Cam — Hunting Tooth 
Worm Gear— Differential Screw and Gear Movement — Complex Alternating 
Reciprocal Motion — Two-Toothed Pinion —Pin Wheel and Slotted Pinion- 
Variable Rotary Motion — Scroll Gear — Spiral Hoop Gear — Accelerated Cir- 
cular Motion — Roller-Bearing Gear Teeth — Ball Gear — Spiral Gearing — Ex- 



8 CONTENTS. 

panding Pulley — Concentric Differential Speed — Differential Motions— Differen 
tial Gear — Doubling the Number of Revolutions on One Shaft — Multiple Geai 
Speed — Variable Throw Traversing Bar — Revolution of a Pinion — Differential 
Speed — Capstan Gear — Slow Forward and Quick Back Circular Motion — Geared 
Grip Tongs — Variable Circular Motion — Elliptical Spur Gear — Elliptical Gear 
Wheel — Irregular Circular Motion — Variable Reciprocating Motion — Alternat- 
ing Rectilinear Motion — Intermittent Motion of Spur Gear — Spiral Stop-Motion 
Gear — Fast and Slow' Motion Spur Gear — Intermittent Gears — Intermittent 
Rotary Motion — Irregular Vibratory Motion — Variable Vibrating Motion — 
Motion by Rolling Contact — Variable Sectional Motion — Uniform Speed of 
Sectional Spur Gear — Scroll Gearing — Intermittent Rotary Motion — Stop Roller 
Motion — Change Gear Motion — Differential Driving Gear — Equalizing Pulley 
— Equalizing Gear — Doubling a Revolution on Same Shaft — -Continuous Shaft 
Motion— Alternating Motion — Eccentric Wheel Train — Epicyclic Gear — Epi- 
cyclic Train — Automatic Clutch Motion for Reversing — Eccentric Gear — Sun 
and Planet Crank Motion — High-Speed Epicyclic Train — Sun and Planet 
Winding Gear — Epicyclic Gear Train — Compound Epicyclic Train — Planetary 
Motion — Planetary Gear Train — " Ferguson's " Mechanical Paradox. 227 to 250 

SECTION XII. 
MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 

Ratchets and Pawls, Cams, Cranks, Intermittent and Stop Motions, 
Wipers, Volute Caa.s, Variable Cranks, Universal Shaft Couplings, 
Gyroscope. 

Ratchet Bar Lift — Ratchet Lift — Ratchet Governor — Rotary Motion — Inter- 
mittent Circular Motion — Intermittent Rotary Motion — Double Pawl Ratchet 
— Conrinuous Feed of a Ratchet — Double-Pawl Ratchet Wheel — Intermittent 
Rotary Motion — Intermittent Circular Motion — Ratchet Intermittent Motion — ' 
Pawl Lift — Oscillating Motion — Continuous Rotary Motion — Intermittent 
Motion — Windlass Grip Pawl — Ratchet and Level Pawl — Internal Multiple 
Cam — Ratchet Head — Reciprocal Circular Motion — Ball Socket Ratchet — 
Continuous Motion Ratchet — Stops of Various Forms — Stops for a Spur Gear — 
Stops for a Lantern Wheel — Safety Centrifugal Hooks — Crank Motion — 
Centrifugal Safety Catch for Hoisting Drums — Stop Motion — Variable Recipro- 
cating Motion — Irregular Rocking Motion — Rocking Arm — Voke Strap — 
Triangular Curved Eccentric — Triangular Eccentric — Reciprocating Motion — 
Uniform Reciprocating Motion — Needle-Bar Slot Cam — Slotted Yoke — Crank 
Motion — Trammel Gear — Slotted Lever Motion — Intermittent Reciprocating 
Motion — Variable Crank Throw — Variable Adjustment — Four-Bolt Cam — 
Equalizing Tension Spring and Lever — Alternating Rectilinear Motion — Tra- 
verse Bar — Rectilinear Motion — Intermittent Rotary Motion — Vibrating 
Toothed Wheel — "Lazy Tongs" Movement — Quadrangular Rectilinear Mo- 
tion — Parallel Motion — Intermittent Motion — Rocking Escapement — Rotary 
and Longitudinal Motion — Reciprocating Feed Ratchet — Friction Rod Feed 
Ratchet — Friction Hauling Ratchet — Cam-Lever Grip — Lever Toggle Joint — 
Single Toggle Arm Letter-Press — Toggle-joint Cam Movement — Double-Screw 



CONTENTS. Q 

Toggle Press — Screw Stamping Press— Multiple Return Grooved Cylinder — Re- 
ciprocating Rectilinear Motion — Rectilinear Motion — Six Radial Grooved Tram- 
mel — Rectilinear Reciprocating Motion — Rocking Motion — Pair of Toe Levers 
— Wiper Cam for Stamp Mills — Angular Wipers — Equalizing Levers or Toes — 
Variable Crank Motion — Spiral-Grooved Face Plate — Lever — Cam Sectors — 
Gear-Disengaging Cam Lever — Oblique Disc Motion — Grooved Cylinder Cam — 
Traverse Motion — Four-Motion Feed, of Wheeler and Wilson and other Sewing- 
machines — Reciprocating Rectilinear Motion — Quick Reciprocating Rectilinear 
Motion — Cylindrical Cam — Cam-Operated Shears — Irregular Cam Motion — ■ 
Vibrating Rectilinear Motion — Irregular Vibrating Circular Motion — Clover- 
Leaf Cam — Power Escapement — Rotary Motion — Irregular Reciprocating 
Motion — Bevelled Disc Cam — Grooved Heart Cam — Heart-Shaped Groove — 
La)ing out a Heart Cam — Cam Motion — Double Cam Motion — Pivoted Fol- 
lower — Reciprocating Motion — Ovoid Curve — Variable Power Transmitted 
from a Crank — Elliptical Crank — Curvilinear Motion — Spring Lathe-Wheel 
Crank — " Brownell " Crank Motion — Ordinary Crank Motion — Eccentric and 
Straps for Valve Motion — Reciprocating Motion — yariable Circular Motion — 
Irregular Motion — Variable Power Vibrating Movement — Variable Crank Pin 
— Variable Rectilinear Motion — Variable Crank Throw — Variable Radius 
Lever — Combination Crank-Motion Curves — Flexible Angular Coupling — 
Sliding Contact — Shaft Coupling — Rectilinear Motion — Angular Shaft Coupling 
— Universal Joint — Double Link Universal Joint — Universal Angle Coupling 
— "Almond" Angular Shaft Coupling — " Hooke's " Angular Shaft Coupling — 
Rack and Pinion Movement — Gyroscope — Globe Gyroscope — Tension Helico- 
Volute Spring — Double Helico-Volute Spring — Compression Helical Spring 
— Single Volute Helix Spring — Compound Disc Spring 251 to 279 



SECTION XIII. 
HOROLOGICAL. 

Clock and Watch Movements and Devices. 

Cycloidal Pendulum Movement — Compensating Pendulum Bob — Compound 
Compensating Pendulum — Centrifugal Pendulum — Antique Clock Escapement 
— Crown Tooth Escapement — Double Ratchet-Wheel Escapement — Star- 
Wheel Escapement — Anchor Escapement — Recoil Escapement — Pendulum 
Escapement —Stud Escapement — Lantern-Wheel Escapement — Pin-Wheel Es- 
capement — Hook-Tooth Escapement — Single-Pin Pendulum Escapement — 
Three-Toothed Escapement — Detached Pendulum Escapement — Mudge 
Gravity Escapement — Tri-Toothed Pendulum Escapement — "Harrison" 
Winding Device — Double Tri-Toothed Pendulum Escapement — "Bloxam's" 
Gravity Escapement — Dead-Beat Clock Escapement — Endless Cord- 
Winding Device for Clocks — Clock Train — Compensation Watch Balance — 
Watch Regulator — Antique W^atch Escapement — Verge Escapement — Cylinder 
Escapement — Duplex Escapement — Jewelled Detached Lever Escapement — 
"Guernsey" Escapement — Anchor and Lever Escapement — Lever Escapement 
— Lever Chronometer Escapement — ''Arnold" ChronometerEscapement — Fusee 



I O CONTENTS. 

Chain and Spring Drum — Chronometer Escapement — " Geneva" Stop — Geared 
"Watch Stop — Watch Stop — Stem-Winding Movement — Pin-Geared Watch 
Stop — Watch Train 281 to 293 

SECTION XIV. 

MINING. 

Quarrying, Ventilatiox, Hoisting, Conveying, Pulverizing, Separating, 
Roasting, Excavating, and Dredging. 

Diamond Prospecting Drill — Rock Drill — Diamond Well-Boring Machine — 
Portable Diamond Drill — Arc Tappet Valve Motion — Tappet Valve, for a Rock 
Drill— Rock Drill — Rock Drill with Balanced Piston Valve — Coal-Cutting 
Machine — link Chain Cutter — Drill for Curved Holes — Box- Wing Blower — 
Multiplex Butterfly Valve — Steam-Driven Ventilating Fan — Miner's Safety 
Lamp — Horse-Power Hoisting Drum — Steam Hois ing Engine — Strap Brake — 
Elevator Tower — Horizontal Boom Tower — Mast and Gaff Hoist — Coal-Load- 
ing Tipple — "Otis Stop " for Elevator Cars — Elevator Dumping Head — Mining 
Buckets and Skip — Belt Conveyer — Chain Scraper Conveyer — Cable Conveyer 
— Driving Mechanism — Log Conveyer — Rope Tramway — Automatic Dumping 
Car — Toggle Joint — Stone Crusher — "Buchanan" Rock Crusher — Roller Coal 
Crusher — Eight-Stamp Ore Mill — Rolling Crusher — "Arastra" Ore Mill — 
" Chili " Mill — Pulverizing Ball and Pan Mill — Revolving Pulverizing Mill — 
Hydraulic Balanced Giant Nozzle — Coal Dust Press — Klondike Mining Machine 
— Gold Separator — Centrifugal Separator — Magnetic Ore Separator — Iron Ore 
Separator — Railway Steam Shovel — Magnetic Ore Separators (Hoffman-Edison 
Types) — Ore Roasting Furnace — Railway Excavator — Railway Steam Shovel — 
Continuous Ditching Dredge — Clam-Shell Bucket — Revolving Hoisting Dredge 
— Floating Dredge — Marine Dredge 295 to 310 

SECTION XV. 

MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 

Hangers, Shaft Bearings, Ball Bearings, Steps, Couplings, Universal 
and Flexible Couplings, CLurcHE:s, Speed Gear, Shop Tools, Screw 
Threads, Hoists, Machines, Textile Appliances. 
Adjustable Bracket Hanger— Adjustable Floor Bearing — Adjustable Post 
Hanger — Adjustable Floor Stand— Continuous Traversing Roller — Roller 
Wheel Anti- Friction Bearing — Ball Bearings — Adjustable Hanger for Shafting — 
Screw Traversing Ball Bearing — Hanging Shaft- Suspended Shaft — Curved 
Step Bearing — Conical Pivot Bearing — Lubrication of a Hanging Bearing — 
Vertical Shaft Step — Shaft Step Adjustment — Adjustable Step Bearing — Collar 
Bearing and Step — Oil Circulating Step — Lenticular Bearing — Spherical Step 
Bearing— Angle Coupling— " Oldham " Coupling — Flexible Link Coupling — 
flexible Shaft Coupling — Angle Shaft Coupling — Universal Joint — "Hooke's" 
Universal Joint— "Goubet's "Universal Shaft Coupling — Ball Socket Universal 
Joints^Right-Angle Shaft Coupling — Right-Angle Shaft Coupling ("Hobson" 



CONTENTS. 1 1 

Patent) — Eccentric Line Coupling — Simple Friction Pulley — Friction Clutch — 
V-Grooved Face Clutch — Clutch and Gear — Cone Clutch —Multiple Flare Fric- 
tion Clutch — Pin Clutch — Friction Pin Clutch — Friction Clutch Bevel Gear — 
Spring Friction Clutch — Double Toggle-joint Friction Clutch — Adjustable Fric- 
tion Clutch— Double Conic Rope Drum —Variable Speed Device — Expanding 
Pulley — Variable Speed Transmitting Device — Belt Holder — Jointed 
Radial Arm — Drilling Machine Clamp-- Screw Bench Clamp — Auto- 
matic Bench Ciamp — \Yood-Bending Clamp and Formers — Boiler Tube 
Expa: der — Roller Tube Expander — Revolving Tool Head — Collapsing Tap — 
Wabble Saw — Automatic Screw-Cutting Die — Universal Chuck — Compound 
Lever Shears — Disc Shears- Gig Saw — Band Saw — Toggle-joint Lever Press 
or Punch— Power Stamping Press -Hand Drilling Machine — Portable Drill — 
Multiple Drilling Machine— Stamp Mill Cam Motion — Blacksmith's Helper --- 
Revolving Rapid-Blow Hammer — Helve Trip Hammer — Friction Drop Ham- 
mer — Beam Trip Hammer— Spring Hammer — Tire Shrink er — Combined Tire 
Upsetting and Punching Machine — Plate Sawing Machine — Combined Punch 
and Shears— Suspended Swing Treadle — Power Rumbling Mill — Centrifugal 
Separator — Closure of Rollers — Vibrating Lift — Differential Pitch Movement — 
Feed Wheel — Combined Ratchet and Hand-Feed Gear — Gear Train— Quick 
Return Movement — Reversing Gear — Flexible Universal Steam Joint Bye 
Pass Cock or Valve — Sight-Feed Lubricator — Screw Movement — Centering 
Tool— Vernier Caliper — Expansion Bit — Double-Acting Screwdriver— Pump 
Drill Stock — Reciprocating Drill Stock — Compound Lever Cutting Pliers — 
Ball Socket — Screw Threads —Continual Barrel Elevator — Telescopic Hydraulic 
Elevator — Traveller Hoist — T'-avelling Crane — LBar Travelling Tramway — 
Swing Bracket Crane — Adjustable Universal Sheave — " Harrington " Chain 
Hoist — " Vale " Duplex Hoist — Safety Tackle — Differential Chain-Pulley Block 
— Double Screw-Gear Hoist — Taper Tube Rolls — " Yale-Weston " Differential 
Gear Hoist — Tube-Rolling Machine — Seamless Tube Making — Wire-Bending 
Machine — Hopper and Bell— " Bessemer " Steel Converter — Lense-Grinding 
Machine — Grinding Mill — " Bogardus " Mill — Circiilating Screw Propeller 
and Mixing Tank — Double Cylinder Planer — Double Toggle-joint Screw 
Press — Steam Cotton Press — Toggle-Bar Press — Sector Press — Bark or Cob 
Mill — Drawing and Throstle T\\-isting, Rolls and Bobbin Winder — Cop Winder 
— Bobbin Winder — Cloth Dresser — Knitting Machine 31210346 

SECTION XVI. 

CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 

Mixing, Testing, Stump and Pile Pulling, Tackle Hooks, Pile Driving, 
Dumping Cars, Stone Grips, Derricks, Conveyer, Timber Splicing, 
Roof and Bridge Trusses, Suspension Bridges. 

Post Augur — Pug Mill — Conical Pug Mill — Conical Mixing Barrel — Concrete 
IVIixer — Cement-Testing Machine — Hydraulic Sand Ejector — Toggle Stump 
Puller — Right and Left Hand Turnbuckle — Swivel Shackle Slip Hook — Trip 
Hook — Balanced Riveting Machine — Releasing Grip — Automatic Disengaging 
Grip — Swivelling Dumping Car — Square Box Side-Dumping Car — Lever Grip 



12 CONTENTS. 

Tongs — Adjustable Grip Tongs — Pneumatic Dumping Car — Lewis Wedge for 
Lifting Stone — Stone Grinding and Polishing Machine — Four-Guy Mast Der- 
rick — Shears with Winch or Tackle Block — Swinging Derrick Crane — Portable 
Steam Derrick — Swing-Boom Crane — Cable Hoist and Conveyer — Cantilever 
Hoisting and Conveying Machine — Timber Splicing — Timber Cords and 
Arches — Truss Roof — Queen Post Roof Truss — Wooden Road Bridge Truss 
— Deck Bridge Trusses — Bridge Truss — Arched Deck Truss Bridge — Bridge 
Trusses — Arch Truss Bridge — Swing Bridge — Cantilever Bridge — Suspension 
Bridges 349 to 360 

SECTION XVII. 

DRAUGHTING DEVICES. 

Parallel Rules, Curve Delineators, Trammels, Ellipsographs, Pan- 
tographs, 

Proportional Compasses — Roller Parallel Ruler — Slotted Parallel Ruler — Three 
Part Parallel Ruler — Spring Cyclograph — Flexible Curve Scriber — Helicograph 
— Great Curve Delineator — Conchoid Delineator — Cyclograph — Trammel for 
Drawing Ellipses — Ellipsograph — Parabola Scriber — Geared Ellipsograph — 
Hyperbola Scriber — Pantograph — Lazy-Tongs Pantograph — Perspective Cen- 
trolinead — Spherometer 361 to 367 

SECTION XVIII. 

MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 

A.NIMAL Power, Sheep Shears, Movements and Devices, Elevators, 
Cranes, Sewing, Typewriting, and Printing Machines, Railway 
Devices, Trucks, Brakes, Turntables, Locomotives, Gas, Gas Fur- 
naces, Acetylene Generators, Gasoline Mantle Lamp, Firearms. 

Human Treadmill — Horse-Power Tread Wheel — Horse-Power Machine — Dog- 
Power Machine — Geared Horse-Power — Multiple Bladed Sheep Shears — Horse 
Clipper — Machine Sheep Shears — "Almond's " Flexible Metallic Tube — Evo- 
lution of a Wood Screw — Artificial Leg and Foot — Mean Time Sun Dial — 
Door Push Check — Folding Ladder Simple Combination Lock — Tripod — Dou- 
ble Spherical Socket — Disc Slicer — Micrometer Screw Adjustment— Correct 
Principle in Setting a Hot- Water House Boiler — Under-Feed Heating Fur- 
nace — Harvester or Mowing Machine — Bell Clapper Movement — Piano Key and 
Action — Lapidary or Lithologicai Lathe— Wire-Drawing Machine — Wire-Cov- 
ering Machine — Stirring Machine for Grain Mash — Sector Wheel Baling Press 
— Wood Compression Carving Machine — Belt-Driven Elevator — Safety Catch 
for Elevators — Elevator Safety Gear — Swing Derrick — Package Elevator — 
Post Crane — Wharf Crane — Automatic Balance Crane — Sewing-Machine Shut- 
tle — Sewing-Machine Feed Bar — Sewing-Machine Hook and Bobbin — Hook of 
the " Wheeler and Wilson " Sewing-Machine — Sewing-Machine — Spring Motor 
for Sewing-Machine — Tinplate Lacquering Machine — Single Cylinder Printing 
Press — Typewriting Machine — " Gordon " Printing Press — Rack and Pawl — 



CONTENTS. 1 3 

Bali-Bearing Screw Jack — Hydraulic Transfer Jack — Rail-Cutting Saw — Prouty-. 
NobJe Automatic or Self-Winding Brake — Street-Car Sand Box — Fr.ction 
Brake for Street Railway Cars — Car Truck for Street Railways — Street-Car 
Truck — Car Truck — Trolley-Car Truck — Freight-Car Truck — Cable Railway 
Grip — Cable Grip for Street Railways — Linked Hinges — Endless Cable Grip 
Car — Street Railway Sweeping Car — Equalizing Lever — Novel Car Brake — 
Wooden Frame Turn-Table — Iron Frame Turn-Table — Single-Cylinder Loco- 
motive—Modern Locomotive and Tender — Passenger Locomotive, Eight- 
Wheel Model — Ten-Wheel Freight Locomotive — Freight Locomotive — Centre 
Valve for a Gas House — Disc Valve for Large Gas Pipes — Centre Guide Gas 
Holder— Counter-Weighted Gas Holder — Expanding Pipe Stopper — Lantern 
Bellows Dry Gas Meter — Wet Gas Meter — Dry Gas Meter — Gas Pressure 
Regulator — Fuel Gas Burner — Gas Furnace — Gas-Heated Incubator — Acety- 
lene Gas Generator — Automatic Gasoline and Mantle Lamp — Acetylene Gen- 
erator and Gas Holder — Acetylene Burner— Bayonet Joint — Gun Lock — Colt 
Cylinder Revolving Device for Firearms — Magazine Rifle, " Lee-Metford " 
Model — " Martini-Henry" Rifle — Chassepot Gun— Remington Rifle — "Rem- 
ington" Magazine Gun — " Hotchkiss " Magazine Gun — "Lebel" Rifle — 
" Mauser " Rifle — "Winchester " Magazine Rifle — Disappearing Gun, " Mon- 
crief Model " 369 to 396 



Section 1. 
THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 

WEIGHT, RESOLUTION OF FORCES, PRESSURES, LEVERS, 
PULLEYS, TACKLE, ETC. 



THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 



17 



Bureau of Reclamation 
Washington Office, Engineertag Pilea, 



mt 



■iii 



THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 

Forces and the Measure of their Work. 

Force may be said to be the cause of motion and power m 
mechanics. Its condition may be static or dynamic ; in the latter 
condition it becomes the means for the practical application of motion 
in the various forms of mechanical devices. Its statical condition is 
iUustrated in the strains sustained in the material of construction and 
suspension. 

The first and simple form of static force may be illustrated in 
the column, in the various positions in which it may be used for 
resistance of any kind ; although in machinery, it may in 
itself become a moving body under stress. Static force 
may be represented by a column supporting weight ; a 
beam under compressive strain ; a body of water retained 
in a mill dam, steam pressure in a boiler, compressed air 
or liquefied gases, and a suspended weight; 
a coiled spring or anything that is under pres- 
sure without motion. The principal expressions for static 
force are compression, tension, and torsion, or their com- 
binations. The resolution of forces is the geometrical rela- 
tion and value of two or more forces acting upon a single 
point from different directions, or of a single force acting 
against several points of resistance. 

The terms of resolution may be directional, static, or dynamic. 




* 





3. THE RESOLUTION OF SUS- 
PENSION — in which W represents a 
force or the weight of gravitation, and 
P, P' the resisting power or equivalent 
weights. Solution : 

P and P'= half the weight 

Sine of angle of depression a or d 
when the angles are equal. 



i8 



THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 




4. For unequal angles the forces 
vary as the sines of the angles from the 
vertical, respectively. 

Solution : P = W X sinewy 

Sine (7^-^') 

P' = W X sine v 

Sine (7+7') 

5. In a combiaation of forces 
the resolution involves the sines of 
the varying angles. 

P =z •z£/ X sine 7 P'= W X sine v' 
Sine(7+z^)' Sine(//+7'') 

6. The forces in the direction of P and 
P' in which the weight of a beam inclined 
and resting upon a point at P' = W, at the 
centre of gravity. 

P' = WX a P = WX a 



The longitudinal thrust of struts or braces is the same as for 
tensional strains inversely, only that the weight of timbers or heavy 
materials should be considered separately, as shown further on. 

7. Where the members are of 
the same length and at equal angles. 

P and P'r= half the weight 

Sine of the angle a or b. 




8. For unequal angles. 
Solution : P = W X sine y 



Sine {y-\-v) 

P' — Wxsine v 
Sine (j'-f-T') 



THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 



19 




9. With truss beams carrying un- 
equal weights the formulae for end 
thrust are for equal angles. 

T =z w X sine 7 
Sine {y-\-v) 
P' = W X sine_y 
Sine (j-\-z') 
For unequal angles, the formula is 
the same as in No. 8. 



10. LEVER PARADOX. 
Two levers or scale beams, one 
above the other, 
accurately b a 1- 
anced and pivo- 
ted at their ends 
to two T arms as 

shown in the cut, may have equal weights hung at various distances 
on the arms, and they will be balanced on the centre line and at any 
angle above or below the centre line. A nut for amateurs to crack. 




THE LEVER AND ITS POWER. 

The weight of lever is not considered. 

II. First order. 




W Px^ 



= W. 



Wx^ 



d p' i^ 

12. Second order. 



= P 



WX^ 



= p 




13. Third order. 
i^ + a P 



PX ^ 



W X (^4-«)_-p 



W, 



20 



THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 




14. Bell Crank or Angular Lever, first 
order. Same notation as No. 11. 




15. Bell Crank or Angular Lever, 
second order. Same Notation as No. 12. 



16. Bell Crank or Angular Lever, 
third order. 



WX 



+ ( 



a X cosine of an 



gle) 



b 



eft 



(^ — ^ — 4^ ti ^^ 17- Compound Lever, first order 

' -i ^ 



«X^' w Px^X^' 



1^ aJ. lA lJ— 




bx b' ~ P 

W X ^ X />' 
a X a' 



bxb' 



= W, 



18. Compound Lever, first and second orders. 



a a'Xb' _ W 

~ir ^~b^- p ' 

P X ^? X i^^b') ^ 

W X ^ X ^' 
.? X («' + b' ) 

The differential weight of lever arms must be adjusted to the 
proper factor for accurate computation. 




THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 



21 




19. Revolving Lever, first order. 
W = P X ^ 



P = W X ^ 



p 20. Revolving Lever, second order. 

W = P X {a + ^) 

a-\-b 



21. Revolving Lever, third order. 

W = P X b 

a -\- b^ 

P = W X (« + ^) 




THE INCLINED PLANE. 

22. Weight sliding on inclined surf ace. 
(W X sine of angle) -j- friction = P. 

P 

— . friction =W. 

Sine or angle 



vertical 

Sine of an^Ie = -. — t-. r 

inclined 



distance. 




23. Rolling weight by horizontal push. 
b h 



22 



IP 



THE MECHANICAL, POWERS. 




Strain 



24. THE WEDGE. 

Strain = force of blow X / 



za 



/, length of wedge. 
■w, width of wedge. 




25. THE SCREW. All measures in equal 
units or inches. 

W = P X [ 2 X rX 3-1416 ) 

Pitch of screw 
P z= W X pitch of screw 
2 X r X 3. 1416 




26. WORM GEAR or ENDLESS SCREW. 

P = power. 

r = length of crank. 

R = radius of pitch line of gear. 

Jf =. pitch of screw. 

r' = radius of winding drum. 

W= Pxrx6.28xR 



P = W X / X ^' 
6.28 X /- X R' 



w 



/ X r' 



if screw is double-thread. 




27. CHINESE WHEEL, or differen- 
tial axle, with crank or pulley. 

a = radius large drum. 
b ■=■ radius small drum. 

W = P X ^ X 2 
a — I? 

P = W X {^ — b) 

r X 2 



THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 



23 




TACKLE BLOCKS. 

^ 28. Two single sheaves, a, b, c are of equal 

strain. « -f- Z' = W. Sheave A only transfers 
the direction of P. 



29. Simple sheave block. 

P = W. 

30. Two single sheave blocks — upper one 
fixed, lower movable. 

P=i_W 

2 



31. Three single sheave blocks — one block fixed, 
two blocks movable. 

P = W 

— . W = P X 4- 
4 



■-<'<'^rrr{(f^r, 32. Three smgle sheave blocks, consisting of two fixed 

^ blocks and one movable block. 

Power : P = W „, 

— . W = P X 3- 

3 



w| 



33. One fixed sheave block, one movable sheave block. 

P = W 

2 



W = P X 2. 



24 



THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 




34. One fixed sheave block, two movable fixec^ 
blocks. 

P= W 

— . W = P X 4. 
4 




35. One fixed pulley block, three fixed rope ends. 

P =JW 

~6 



iw 



yyyy^^^^yy.^^. 




36. Multiple sheave blocks, all cingle. 



P = W 
14 



W = P X 14. 



_©_ 




37. Four and three sheave blocks, with end of rope 
fixed to top block. Four sheave block fixed, three 
sheave block movable. 



P = W 



W = P X 6. 



,. 1 38. Roving of a three and two sheave pair of 

(^T\ blocks, with a draw block fixed above. 

P = W 

^. W = P X 6. 
o 



THE RIECHANICAL POWERS. 



25 




39. Roving of a two and three sheave pair oi 
blocks, with end of rope fixed to lower block. 



P = W 



W = P X c 



40. CHINESE WINDLASS.— The sheave 

and hook rises equal to one-half the difference 

in the circumference of the barrels for each 

1=> turn of the crank. See No. 27 for the power. 



41. CHINESE SHAFT DERRICK.— The 

sheaves suspended from the upper part of the 
derrick legs allows the bucket to be raised 
above the mouth of the shaft or pit by the 
differential windlass. 



42. COMPOUND WEIGHT MOTOR, for 
a limited fall. The power is only equal to one- 
half of one of the weights. The time of fall- 
ing and distance equals three times the time 
and distance of one weight. 



43. ROPE TWIST LEVER, foi 
.J, a temporary pull, or as a clamping 
\ device. 



26 



THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 




44. SPANISH WINDLASS.— Much used on 
over- truck frames for suspending the load. 




45. ROPE GRIP HOOK— for taking 
a temporary bite on a hawser. 




46. GUY ROPE CLIP and Thimble— for 
wire rope. 



^$^:^ ^ 



^ 




47. ROPE END, with thimble, 
3 clip, and yarn seizing. 




48. HEMP ROPE END, 

doubled in the eye, with two 
clips. The doubling in eye 
prevents excessive wear. 



Section II. 
TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 

ROPES, BELTS, FRICTION GEAR, SPUR, BEVEL, AND 
SCREW GEAR, ETC. 



TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 

Ropes, Belts, Friction Gear, Spur, Bevel, and Screw Gear, Etc. 





49. ALTERNATING CIRCULAR MOTION 

from the curvilinear motion of a treadle. The 
ancient lathe motion. 



50. CIRCULAR MOTION from curvilin- 
ear motion of a treadle through a cord and 
pulley. 




51. ECCENTRIC CRANK and Treadle.— A 
/ belt over the eccentric and a roller in the treadle. 
The equivalent of a crank. 




. 52. CAPSTAN, OR VERTICAL WIND- 
LASS. — The pawl falling in the circular rack 
-^^_ at the bottom locks the windlass. The rope 
should always wind on the bottom and slip 

— upward. 





n 53. STEERING GEAR.— A hand wheel and 



drum on a shaft, carrying a rope rove through 
guide pulleys and attached to the tiller. 



54. JUMPING MOTION given to a weight, 
or other body, by a pin wheel and bell-crank 
lever. 



30 



TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 



M. 






55. ROPE SPROCKET WHEEL, several modi- 
fications of which are in use in old-style hoists. 



7^ 



m 



Z3 



56. r-GROOVED ROPE PULLEY, having 
corrugated groove faces to increase the adhesion of 
the rope. 




57. ROPE TRANSMISSION, with a tightening 
pulley, B. 



O 58. VIBRATORY MOTION to two shafts, 

transmitted from the rocking of a lever arm 
and sector. 




59. TRANSMISSION BY ROPE to a shaft at 
right angles to the driving-shaft. The guide sheaves 
give direction to the rope over the curve face of the 
driven pulley, the rope slipping towards the centre 
of the driven pulley. 



60. TRANSMISSION BY ROPE to 
a portable drill or swing saw. 

D, driving sheave. 

A, double loose sheaves in a frame, 
suspended by weight C attached by rope 
over sheaves, B, B. C, counter weight. 



TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 



31 



^^^ 




61. HORIZONTAL ROPE TRANSMISSIOiN, with tension 
slide and weight. 




62. ROPE TRANS- 
MISSION from vertical 
to horizontal shaft, with 
tension slide and weight 




63. ROPE TRANS- 
MISSION to a movable 
shaft at right angles 
from the driving-shaft, 

MOV»m.c . 

^\^ with tension slide and 
weight. 




64. VERTICAL TENSION CARRIAGE. 

with slides and pulley guide. 



32 



TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 




65-66. BELT LACING. —The 

straight lacing 65 should run next 
the pulley, while 66 represents the 
outside of the belt. Lace should 
be drawn in at a^ a, to centre ; lace 
each way out and return, ending 
at e^ e, 66, on outside of belt. 

67-68. BELT LACING.— In 

this style the straight side should 
run next the pulley, drawing in the 
lace on one side at a, a to its 
centre, and lace across and back, 
ending at e, e on the outside of 68. 



69-70. NOVEL BELT LAC- 
ING, for quarter-turn belts. Draw 
lacing in to its centre at <7, a on 
inside of belt, crossing on outside 
of 70, and ending at ^, <?, 70. 



71-72. BELT LACING, for nar- 
row belts. Draw in tlie lacing at 
a, a to its centre ; lace each way 
and back to centre, ending on the 
outside of belt at ^, ^, 72. 



73-74. BELT LACING, for 
medium width belts. Commenc- 
ing at ^7, a on the inside of belt 
73, drawing the lacing to its cen- 
tre ; rove each end once across, 
ending at the outside of belt 74 
at e^ c. 



TRANSMISSION Ok PUWEX. 



33 



^ 



^ 



0-. O--. 0-..0 



•■0 o^-o 




lllfo 



1?A 



U " 



HE 




75-76. BELT LACING, for 

narrow belt. Commencing 3.t a, a 
on the inside of belt 75, drawing 
the lacing to its centre ; rove the 
ends each way, ending at e, e, 76. 



OA 




77. BELT LACING.— Com- 
mencing at A and ending at B. 
Dotted lines on outside. 

78. OVER-AND-OVER LAC 
ING.— Commencing at A and 
ending at B. Diagonal on outside. 



79. INTERLOCKING BELT 
LACING, from A to B, once 
across. A good style for small 
pulleys. 

80. CROSS LACING, for a 
light belt. 



81. OVER-AND-OVER LAC- 
ING, from A to B, diagonal out- 
side. 

82. SECTIONAL BELT LAC- 
ING. — Each section disconnected, 
as shown, using four lacings. 




'i^. QUARTER TWIST BELT.— The arrows show 
the direction the belt should run. 



^4 



TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 




84. FULL TWIST BELT, or cross belt. 



85. FULL TWIST OR CROSS BELT, 
for reverse motion on driven sfiaft. 





86. BELTING TO A SHAFT AT ANY ANGLE.— 

The two idler pulleys must be placed on a shaft at right 
angles to the driving and driven shafts, with their 
peripheries at the central line from centres from the 
driving and driven pulleys. 




87. QUARTER TWIST RETURN BELT.— A method 

used for belting pulleys on shafts too close for a direct 
belt. 





SS. CHANGE SPEED STEP PULLEYS.— 
Speeds are as the relative diameters of the driv- 
ing and driven pulleys. 

89. CONE PULLEYS.— The cone pulleys 
allow of minute and continual change of speed 
by traversing the belt. 




90. CURVED CONE PULLEYS, for variably m 
creasing or decreasing speed by traversing the belt. 



TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 



35 




Patent 



91. SHIFTING DEVICE FOR CONE 
PULLEYS. — Made efficient by a divisipn of 
the proper belt width into a number of nar- 
row belts, kept in place by webs on the belt 
tighteners, which are moved forward and back- 
ward by a carrier nut and screw shaft. This 
arrangement gives more power for a given width 
than with a single belt, and with less wear. It 
equalizes the stress on the belts by the set-up 
of the guide pulleys as tighteners. 

of P. D. Harton, Philadelphia, Pa. 




92. BELT TRANSMISSION, for short belt and 
close connection. The belt is wrapped close to and 
pressed against the driven pulley by a tightening 
pulley. For electric motor power or the driving of 
generators. 



93. BELT TRANSMISSION OF 
POWER, at close range. A combination 
of friction gear increased by belt contact 
of the driving or driven pulley with a light 
intermediate pulley gives an additional 

belt pressure, with small belt strain on the slack side. It eliminates 

vibration of belt. 




94. VARIABLE TRANS- 
MISSION OF MOTION, 
from an eccentric conical 
pulley to a friction pulley. 
The riding pulley C traverses 
the cone, which moves forward or backward by the rotation of the 
screw in the nut stud E, producing a progressive variable motion 
in the pulley C, increasing or decreasing as the cone rotates forward 
or backward. 




36 



TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 




95. STOP, DRIVING, AND REVERSING 
MOTION with a single belt, which may be oper- 
ated either way : from the drum on a driving shaft, 
or from the bevel gear on shaft C. The middle 
pulley being loose on shaft a, the right-hand 
T\^ pulley tight on shaft a^ left-hand pulley tight on 
the hollow shaft B, h. The operation of a single 
shipper changes the motions or stops. 




96. TWO SPEED PULLEYS AND BELTS. 

— Two pair of tight and loose pulleys on lower 
shaft, unequal broad tight pulleys on upper shaft. 
By crossing the belt from one of the pair a quick 
return speed may be obtained. Much used on 
tapping-machines and planers. 




97. PULLEYS, COMBINED WITH A DIF- 
FERENTIAL GEAR for two speeds, and stop-belt 
shown on loose pulley. Middle pulley on lower- 
shaft is fast to shaft, and has a bevel gear fast to its 
hub. Pulley on the right is loose on shaft and car- 
ries, transversely, another bevel gear. A third bevel 
gear runs loose upon the shaft and is held by a friction 
band. On moving the belt to the middle pulley an ordinary motion 
ts obtained; to the right-hand pulley a double speed is obtained. 




98. TRANSMISSION OF TWO SPEEDS 
from a driving shaft, one a variable speed. The 
same arrangement as No. 97, with the addition of 
a driving pulley of different size, and a driven 
pulley attached to the friction gear on the lower 
shaft. The right-hand belt shifts to the next 
pulley and may be straight or cross, making a 
variety of motions to the lower shaft. 



TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 



2,7 



99. TWO SPEED GEAR from belt pulleys and 
one hollow shaft. A solid shaft with loose pulley (a) 
and fast pulley (b), fast pulley [c) on hollow shaft 
carrying large driving gear at the right. 




100. VARIABLE 
GEARING. 



SPEED OR CONE 



i -av^ c d 




<7, tight pulley on outside hollow shaft. 

/;, tight pulley on inside hollow shaft. 

c, tight pulley on inner or solid shaft. 

dy loose pulley on solid shaft. 

a b' c', differential spur gears for three speeds. 

loi. TRANSMISSION OF POWER from 
a horizontal shaft to two vertical spindles. A 
single belt, with two idlers, for tightening and 
directing the half twist of the belt. 



102. FRICTIONAL RECTILINEAR 
MOTION, from the angular position of a 
sheave or pulley rolling on a revolving barrel 
or long cylinder. A, forward motion; B, stop. 
The principle of the " Judson " railway pro- 
pulsion. Efficiency was increased by the use of a small truck with 
several roller pulleys. 

103. VARIABLE ROTARY MOTION from 
a friction pulley traversing a concave conical 
drum. The speed ratio of the traversing pulley 
^ 1 is a variable one. 



104. VARIABLE MOTION to a right-angled 
shaft, by curved cone friction pulleys with inter- 
mediate swinging pulley. A sewing-machine or 
other light power movement. 




38 



TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 




105. FRICTION GEAR, traversing 
motion. A, the driver. B and C are fast 
on the clutch sleeve which is free to slide 
on a feather on the driven shaft. The lever 
brings B or C in contact with the driving 
cone A for reversing. 




1 06. FRICTION GEAR. — Variable 
speed from a pair of cone pulleys, one of 
which is the driver. A double-faced friction 
pinion is moved on the line A, B in contact 
with both cones. 



A 



ff 



I 



to 



107. FRICTION GEAR.— A pair of friction 
discs A, B on parallel shafts out of line, with a 
traverse friction pinion on a transverse spindle 
c, d will give a great range of speed velocities. 




108. FRICTION GEAR.— Variable speed from a 
rocking shaft and convex discs. "Wright's'" driving 
device for sewing-machines. A is the driving shaft 
with convex disc. B is a band shaft that swivels by 
the foot pedal and kept taut or released at its different 
positions. 



(EH 




109. TRANSMISSION OF VARIABLE 
SPEED, for sewing-machines. A, driving con- 
cave cone. B, swivelling yoke carrying a friction 
pulley, with a band running a pair of pulleys 
at the swivel, one of which drives the sewing- 
machine. 



TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 



39 



iio. FRICTION GEAR, with variable speed by 
^^ traversing a pulley to or from the centre of the face 
-^ of a disc wheel. 




Leather or rubber facing for wheel 
and pulley makes best working condition. 



III. VARIABLE SPEED GEAR 

forsewing-machines, " Wright's" model. 
The upper shaft is the driver, the lower 
shaft carrying the band pulley, swivels 
by the foot for variable speed. 



112. TRANSMISSION OF ROTARY 
MOTION to an oblique shaft by rolling con- 
tact of drums with concave faces. 



113. COMBINATION FRICTION GEAR," How- 
lett's Patent." A rubber disc clamped between metal 
washers. 





114. GROOVED FRICTION GEARING.— The 

loss of power by friction increases with the size and 
depth of the grooves. Friction increases inversely as the 
angles of the grooves. 



115. VARIABLE MOTION to a shaft in line 
by curved-faced discs, with a swinging pulley 
pivoted central to the curves on the face of the 
discs. 



40 



TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 



ii6. TRANSMISSION OF CIRCULAR MOTION 
by right-angled cranks on each shaft. The pair of crank 
connections carry the right-angled cranks over the centre. 
The principle of the locomotive wheel connections. 



117. THREE CRANK LINK connec- 
tion for transmission of motion to a crank 
by direct link to avoid a dead centre. A, 
driven crank ; B, driving crank ; D, a relief 
crank with triangular link connections with 
cranks A and B. 





118. SPROCKET WHEEL AND CHAIN.— 

Pitch radius is at the centre of the rivets, with a 
slight clearance for easy running. 



119. LINK BELT AND PULLEY.— A variety 
of hook link forms are in use for link belt trans- 



mission. 



120. TOOTHED LINK CHAIN AND 
PULLEY, alternating double and single links. 



121. STEP GEAR. — A spur gear in which the 
face is divided into two or more sections, with the 
teeth of each section set forward a half or third of 
the pitch, according to the number of sections. 



TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 



41 




122. V-TOOTHED GEARING.— The obli- 
quity of the teeth from the centre of the face 
neutrahzes the longitudinal thrust of plain oblique 
teeth, as shown in the next pair. 

f^'' 123. OBLIQUE TOOTH GEAR.— A smooth 
running gear, with slight longitudinal thrust due 
to the inclined tooth surfaces. 




124. V-TOOTHED GEAR.— The teeth of which 
are usually inclined from the centre lines of the face 
equal to the amount of the pitch at the outer ends. 




125. SPLIT SPUR GEAR, showing method 
of bolting on to the shaft of a trolley car. 



126. STAR WHEEL GEAR, for wringing- 
machines, mangles, etc. Allows a variable mesh to 
the teeth. 



^0^)1 




127. ELASTIC SPUR GEAR, to prevent 
back lash. The gear runs loose on the shaft ; 
the ratchet-wheel is fast on the shaft. Com- 
pression springs are inserted between the 
shoulders of the gear and cam ratchet wheel. 



42 



TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 




128. INTERNAL SPUR GEAR and Pinion.— 
In this style of gearing more tooth surface is in con- 
tact than with outside teeth ; it has less wear and great 
power. Much used in hoisting machines. 




129. BEVEL GEARS, when of equal diameter. 
MITER GEARS, when of unequal diameter. 



mnngnint-i 



130. CROWN WHEEL geared with a .spur 
wheel. Used for light work. A very old device. 




131. SPIRAL GEARING.— The velocity ratio 
of spiral gears cannot be determined by direct com- 
parison of pitch diameters, as in spur gearing, but 
must be found from the angles of the spiral in each 
gear. ' Thus if the spiral angles of two gears are the 
same the velocity ratio will be inversely as the pitch 
diameters ; but if the spiral angles are not equal, the 
number of teeth per inch of pitch diameter will vary. 
In any case the velocity ratio will depend upon the 
number of teeth and their spiral angle, as expressed in the following 
proportion : 27, the velocity of the small gear is to V, the velocity of 
the large gear, as D, the pitch diameter of the larger, X by the cosine 
of its spiral angle, is to d^ the pitch diameter of the smaller, x by the 
cosine of its spiral angle. 




TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 



43 





132. OBLIQUE SPUR AND BEVEL GEAR 

— An oblique tooth spur gear and an oblique 
bevel gear, operating shafts running at an angular 
position. 

133. OBLIQUE BEVEL GEAR on shafts at 
right angles and crossing out of axical plane. 

134. GEAR TRAIN— Solution 
for increased speed : Divide the 
multiple of the number of teeth in 
the driving gears by the multiple of 
^ the number of teeth in the driven 
pinions, or the multiple of each pair separately may be multiplied by 
the multiple of the next pair. For decreasing speed, divide the ratios. 

135. WORM GEAR. — With single thread the revo- 



<^ lutions of the screw equal the number of teeth in the 
2 spur wheel for its revolution. 



136. SKEW WORM AND WHEEL GEAR.— 

The angle of the teeth on this spur wheel must be 
equal to the angle of the screw shaft, less the angle 
of the screw at the pitch lines of both. 



137. UNIFORM INTERMITTENT MO- 
TION in opposite directions. The blank sector 
in the bevel wheel driver C interrupts the motion 
of A and B alternately. 



138. VARIABLE SPEED BEVEL 
GEAR. — A bicycle novelty. One revolution 
of A gives two revolutions of B. A is an 
elliptic bevel gear central on the shaft. B 
is an elliptic bevel gear of one-half the num- 
ber of teeth of A and revolves on one of its 
elliptic centres. The cranks are set oppo- 
site to the short diameter of the driving 
gear A, giving greater power to the tread 
and quicker motion at the neutral points of 
the crank. 




Section III. 
MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 

SPEED, PRESSURE, WEIGHT, NUMBERS, QUANTITIES, AND 

APPLIANCES. 



MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 



Speed, Pressure, Weight, Number, Quantities, and Appliances. 






:^ 



139. PRONY BRAKE, for the measurement 
cf power. A is power shaft and pulley, enclosed 
in friction blocks and strap; D, the lever; C',C, 
stops to control excessive movement of the lever ; 
B, weights to balance the friction of the pulley, 
which should be tightened by the strap nuts until its full power at the 
required speed is balanced by the weight put upon the scale platform. 




THE PRONY BRAKE. 

Rule. — Diameter of pulley in feet X 3-i4i6 X revolutions per minute = 
speed of periphery of pulley per minute. The lever is of the third order. Its 
length from centre of shaft to the eye holding the weight, divided by the radius 
of the pulley, all in feet, or decimals of a foot = the leverage, Tiien the pounds 
weight X by the leverage and by the speed = the foot-poimds, which divided by 
33,000 = the Aorse-power. Weight of lever at E when loose on the pulley should 
be deducted from the weights put o" olatform. 




B 



140. "WEBBER" DYNAMOMETER. 

■ — A lever with cross arm on which two 
bevel gears are pinioned at right angles with 
the bevel gear of the driving-shaft. The 
pinions on the lever transmit the power 
which is weighed by the resistance of the 
lever at the spring balance. 

The H. P. indicated is : 
Bx 6.2832 X RX W „ ^ 
33,000 
radius of the lever in feet. R = revolutions per minute. 

W = weight on the scale. 



48 



MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 



141. MEASUREMENT OF POWER.— 
The Rope Brake. Several ropes over a pulley- 
gathered in a knot, to which is hung a specific 
weight less than the range of the spring scale 
attached to the other end. The pounds of 
relief from the stated weight by the motion of 
the pulley, multiplied by the velocity of the periphery of the pulley- 
in feet per minute, gives the foot-pounds power per minute. 





142. "TATHAM'S" 
DYNAMOMETER, for a 
vertical belt. A balance 
frame lever, pulleys, and 
dash-pot. 

The work of the belt is : 



wx^x s 
33,000 



=:H.P. 



W — weight on scale. 
B = length of lever. 

A = fulcrum to pulleys which should be equal. 
S = speed of belt in feet per minute. 




143. BELL-CRANK DY- 
NAMOMETER. - Applied to 
the power side of a high-speed 
belt for driving electric gen. 
erators. The angles of the 
belt over the bell-crank pulley 
should be equal, y z= x. Then after. deducting the weight to balance 
the pulley and belt when not running from the weight when running, 
the formula will be: 

B 



W X-^ 



A > X speed of belt in feet per 



2 cosme X 

minute = foot-pounds, which divided by 33,000 = H. P. B, long arm ; 
A, short arm of lever. 



MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 



49 



144. "NEER'S" ROTARY 
TRANSMITTING DYNAMO- 
METER.— A shaft is disconnectec"^ 
at a coupling and the discs A and 
B are clamped one to each shaft. 
Chains are. attached to the disc 
A and roll around pulleys on the 
disc B, and are attached to the 
spider C. The chain tension is 

resisted by the helical springs and is recorded on the dial E. The 

dial F indicates revolutions. 





145. "VAN WINKLE'S" POWER METER. 
— A set of helical springs attached to two discs, 
one of which is made fast to the pulley, unkeyed 
and loose on the shaft ; the other disc and hub 
- are clamped to the shaft. A set of levers on a rock 
haft transmits the strain on the springs to an in- 
dex and dial indicating the horse-power per 100 
revolutions of the shaft. 



146. TRACTION RECORD- 
ING DYNAMOMETER.— The 

draft-pull compresses 
the elliptic -shaped 
springs, moving the 
index hand D, which 
carries a pencil at its opposite end K. A paper ribbon is drawn 
under the pencil and wound on a drum, driven by clockwork, mak- 
ing a continual record, to be measured by a suitable scale for the 
average work. 





147. FRICTION MACHINE, for testing 
the friction of wheels at various speeds and 
loads. The adjustable circular balance holds 
the wheels or vehicle in place. The pounds 
tension on the scale multiplied by the periph- 
eral velocity in feet per minute gives the foot- 
pound draft or friction. 



so 



MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 




148. TORSION DYNAMOME 
TER. — To a driving shaft E is attached 
at C a helical spring. To the other 
end of the spring is attached a trans- 
mission pulley A and a small pulley 
K^ Q^ , moving freely on the shaft E. At 
Qo another small pulley is fixed to shaft E. The tension of trans- 
mission displaces the relative position of the small pulleys and through 
an endless belt draws the loops F and G farther apart, which by pul- 
leys and index not shown indicates the power transmitted. 

149. TENSILE TEST- 
ING MACHINE. 
— A hydrostatic ram 
and system of com- 
pound levers, used in 
] testing: the tensile 



(^ 



^#j^^^ 



"^^^^^^ 



U^ 



•^ 




strength of metals 



S. article to be tested; 70, stops to control vibra- 
tion of levers ; W, weight. 

150. BOURDON PRESSURE GAUGE.— 
A flattened spring metal tube is bent to 
a circular form. One end is fixed to the 
inlet stud ; the other end is connected to 
a lever sector by a link. The sector is 
meshed with a small pinion on the arbor 
carrying the index hand. A hair spring 
attached to the arbor keeps all the piv- 
oted joints drawn in one direction for 
accuracy of pressure indication. 





I. CORRUGATED TUBE-PRESSURE GAUGE— 

The pressure within the tube expands it on the cor- 
rugated side and through the link connections with 
the index hand moves the hand. 



MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 



51 




152. RECORDING PRESSURE 
GAUGE, " Edson " model. 

D, corrugated diaphragm bearing the 
pressure ; G, connecting rod from dia- 
phragm to crank-pin, on the shaft on which 
the index hand is fixed, as also the arm 
and pencil bar, H^, H^, in front of the 
record sheet ; K, K, winding barrels for 
the record sheet driven by a clock move- 
ment ; M, index dial. 



153. PARALLEL MOTION OF 
THE INDICATOR. 

Proportions: c. dii d\ <^ — nearly. 



154. PARALLEL MOTION FOR AN INDI- 
CATOR. — The curved slot is made proportional 
to the length of the two arms of the pencil lever. 



155. "AMSLER"PLAN- 
IMETER.— E is the fixed 
point; F the tracer. The 
disc has a sharp edge and 
a cylindrical section divided 
and read from a vernier scale. 
'a worm screw and index 
wheel indicate the number of revolutions of the rolling disc. 



156. ^'LIPPINCOTT" PLAN- 
IMETER.-R is the fixed point; 
T the tracer ; r is a smooth round 
arm on which a scale is laid off 
from the axis ; D is a disc with a 
free motion on the scaled arm. 





52 



MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 




157. CENTRIFUGAL SPEED INDI- 
CATOR. — An arm and ball pivoted to a 
clamp on a revolving vertical shaft shows 
on a curved index bar the number of revo- 
lutions per minute, due to the position of 
the ball and pointer, assumed by the cen- 
trifugal force of revolution. 



158. SPEED INDICATOR.— An 

application of the screw gear. The 
screw dial counts to 100, right or left. 
The second dial indicates the number of 
hundreds. 




159. METER DIAL— how to read it. A 
revolution of the upper hand is a measure of 
one cubic foot. Each of the dials represents 
a multiple of ten. The figures following the 
motion of the index hands are to be noted, 
and if reading to the right must be put in in- 
verse order, and if read to the left must be 
put in serial order. Thus the dial here rei> 
resented reads 47,805 cubic feet. 




160. AUTOMATIC TIPPING SCALE, 
for measuring grain or water. 




161. DOUBLE LINK BALANCED SCALE.— 
The upper link is fixed to the radial index plate. 



MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 



53 




Q) (o) l"'l"l|"l|l"|lll|IM|lll|lll|l[]pTr]TTT[mTfT7JT 



6 



162. DIFFERENTIAL WEIGHING 
BEAM. — The link connection 
to the lower hook allows the 
V-bearings to be brought much 
nearer together than on a sin- 
gle bar. 




163. ENGINE COUN- 
TER. — A series of coun- 
ter gears as in the fol- 
lowing figures, may be 
placed overlapping, as here shown ; each spindle mounted with a 
number dial and all covered by a perforated plate, showing the top 
figures of each dial. The spring pawl checks the first wheel in the 
train, to hold the number in place while the lever pawl takes its back 
motion. 

164. OPERATION OF A COUNTER. 
— The wheel B, with its ten pin teeth, is 
thrown one tooth at each vibration of the 
arn-^ of the sector rim A. The wheel B also 
1^ 'has a sector rim fixed to and revolving with 
it that throws the next pin-tooth wheel one 
tooth at each revolution, and so on. 





165. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MO- 
TION, for counters and meters. The tappet 
A, revolving with the wheel C, carries the wheel 
D one pin notch per revolution. The pawl b 
is released by the notch in the wheel C while 
the tappet is in contact with the pin. 




166. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MO- 
TION, for counters and meters. B, driving 
wheel, the rim of which has an entering and 
exit notch for pins in .the driven wheel and 
locks the wheel C at each revolution of wheel P 



54 



MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 




167. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MO- 
TION, for counters and meters. A, the driv- 
ing tooth in the wheel B ; C is stopped by the 
concave sections that fit the periphery of the 
wheel B. The tooth A projects beyond the peripheral radius of wheel 
B, and the notches relieve the inverted curves of wheel C, allowing it 
to turn one notch at each revolution of wheel B. 




168. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MOTION, 

for counters and meters. In this form the largest 
number of revolutions of the single tooth pinion B, 
for one revolution of wheel A, may be obtained. 



169. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MO- 
TION, for counters and meters. Wheel C 
and its arm tooth B is the driver. A rim, 
shown by the dotted circle on wheel C, 
catches a pin tooth of the counter wheel A 

at each revolution. The opening in the rim allows the pin to enter 

and leave the inside of the rim. 




170. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MO- 
TION, for counters and meters. 

a, driving pin plate. 

b, star wheel counter. 

c, pawl. 

d, spring latch. 

The latch d is on the back of the pin plate and holds the star 
teeth, after rotation, by a light spring, c is a pawl that locks the 
teeth ; pawl is lifted by pins in pin wheel. 





171. TIRE MEASURE COUN- 
TER. — A wheel running freely in the 
forks of a handle, is made of a size that 
will roll exactly two feet to a revolution, 
and graduated in feet and inches. The 
supplementary index is set to allow for 
lap in welding the tire. 



Section IV. 
STEAM POWER. > 

BOILERS AND ADJUNCTS, ENGINES, VALVES AND VALVE 

GEAR, PARALLEL MOTION GEAR, GOVERNORS 

AND ENGINE DEVICES. 

"ROTARY ENGINES. OSCILLATING ENGINES. 



STEAM POWER. 

Boilers and Adjuncts, Engines, Valves and Valve Gear, Parallel 

Motion Gear, Governors and Engine Devices. Rotary 

Engines, Oscillating Engines. 



yy^^^^y^^yTP^^p^.r^^T'TT^^^y.^^A^M^. 



£. 



\>y>y'yyyy'yyyyyyyy>A'yyy. ^ i?^;^ 




172. "STEVENS" BOILER.— 
An early type of tubular boilers 
(1806). The principle is still in use. 




173. PLAIN CYLIN- 
DRICAL 
' BOILERS, 

showing 
suspension 

and setting. One-half the surface of the shells, divided by 10, 

equals boiler horse-power. 



w 



n 



IT 



174. HANG- 
ING WATER 
DRUM CY- 
LINDRICAL 
BOILER.— 

The drum, hanging from the main boiler by necks, gives a large in- 
crease of heating surface. One-half of shell and all of drum surface, 
divided by 12, equals boiler horse-power. 




CYLINDRICAL DOUBLE FLUE 

BOILER, Lan- 
cashire t y p e. 
p One -half the 
Ishell and all 
the flue surface, divided by 11, equals boiler horse-power. 




58 



STEAM POWER. 





176. INTERNALLY 
FIRED FLUE BOILER. 

— The flue and half the 
shell surface, if exposed 
to heat, divided by 14, 
equals horse-power. 

177. HORIZONTAL 
TUBULAR BOILER, 

with steam and dry steam 
pipe, a^ Diy steam pipe. 
One-half the shell and all 
the tube surface, divided 
by 14, equals the boiler 
horse-power. 




LOCOMOTIVE BOILER.— 

All the fire-box surface 
above the grate and 
all the tube surface, 
divided by 14, equals 
the boiler horse-power. 




179. MARINE BOILER, with 
locomotive fire-box, three flues and 
return tubes. The area of the fire- 
box, flues, back chamber, and tubes, 
divided by 12, equals boiler horse- 
power. 




ECLIPSE" RETURN TUBULAR 
MARINE BOILER— All the 
fire-box, back chamber, direct 
and return tube surface, divid- 
ed by 12, equals boiler horse- 
power. 



STEAIM POWER. 



59 




SMOK'E OUTIET" 





i8i. ''GALLOWAY" 
BOILER.— An in- 
ternally fired oval 
flue, with small con- 
ical tubes set diago- 
nallyacrossthe flue. 

182. INTERNAL FIRED 
CYLINDRICAL TUBULAR 
BOILER. — Lower shell slight- 
ly inclined to facilitate circula- 
tion. Fire surface of tubes, 
fire-box, and all of shell ex- 
posed to heat, divided by 12, 
equals boiler horse-power. 



183. ''DION" VEHICLE BOILER.— A 
central water and steam drum enclosed within 
an annular drum, and connected by short in- 
clined tubes. A light and quick-firing boiler 
for a motor carriage. 



184. "BABCOCK «&: WILCOX" 
WATER TUBE BOILER.— Inclined 
straight tubes expanded in vertical steel 
headers, connected to a steam drum 
above. Partitions repass the flame 
through the tube spaces. 



185. "HARRISON" BOILER.— A 

series of cast-iron globes with ground 
joints, held together by through bolts. 



6o 



STEAM POWER. 



J 1 86. SUBMERGED HEAD VERTICAL 

V BOILER, with enlarged water surface, and a cir 

iLJ culating diaphragm by which the fire head is swept 

by the circulation of the water. The central space 

■^ is free from tubes to facilitate circulation. 




" HERRESHOFF " BOILER.— 
A horizontal volute coil at the 
top acts as a heater. The inner 
coil is the evaporator ; the outer 
coil is the superheater. A separa- 
tor entraps the water that may be 
carried over from the evaporating 
coil. 



BOTTOM BLOW, 




i88. " THORNYCROFT " BOILER. 

-^A large steel drum above and a water 
drum below, connected with a large num- 
ber of bent tubes. The water return is 
through a large tube at the rear end of 
the boiler. 




189. "SEE" WATER TUBE BOILER.— 
A series of short straight tubes connecting a hori- 
zontal steam drum with a rectangular water base 



on each side of the furnace, 
of boiler. 



Return tube at back 



STEAM POWER. 



6i 




190. " YARROW " WATER TUBE BOILER. 

— Inclined sections of straight tubes from water- 
headers each side of the hre grate to a large steam 
drmn above. Iron casing lined with fire tile. 
This design is for a marine boiler. 



191. "BOYER'S" WATER 
TUBE BOILER. — Furnace 
walls are coils of pipe. Coils 
over the fire are connected from 
circulating pipes to steam drum. 




192. "HAZELTON" BOILER.— A central 
vertical drum in which tubes, with closed ends, 
rxs are screwed radially. The grate" is beneath the 
^---^ j-a(iial tubes and around the base of the drum. 



193. " CLIMAX " BOILER.— A central 
vertical water and steam drum, with bent 
tubes expanded in it, and inclined to facili- 
tate circulation, 

194. Section showing bent tubes. 



62 



STEAM POWER. 



"MOYES" WATER TUBE BOILER.— 

The inclined tubes are in three 
groups, set in three steam drums 
above and three water-heads be- 
low. Partitions divide the groups 
of tubes to deflect the flame over 
the whole surface. 



196. "WHEELER" VERTICAL TUBE BOILER.— 

Two sections of straight vertical tubes, with drum-heads 
top and bottom, and a steam drum connected by necks. 





"CAHALL" VERTICAL WATER TUBE 
BOILER. — A water drum at the bottom 
forms the lower head' for the tubes. An an- 
nular drum at the top forms the upper head, 
through which the smoke passes. The fur- 
nace and combustion chamber are outside, as 
is also the circulating pipe, as shown in the 
cut. 



198. VERTICAL WATER TUBE 
BOILER (Philadelphia Engineering Works). 
Straight tubes between steel drums and a 
wall between the sections, so that the fire 
sweeps the length of all the tubes. 



STEAM POWER. 



63 




199-200. BOILER OF 
THE " SERPOLLET " 
TRICYCLE —The steam 
generating surface is made 
of iron pipe, flattened and 
corrugated, then coiled 
into a volute form with the 
inner end turned up, and 

the outer end to project through the furnace shell. The cuts show 

a vertical section and horizontal plan. 




201. " SERPOLLET'S " STEAM GENER- 
ATOR, showing the corrugated flattened tube 
coiled into a volute. The width of the internal 
space is less than one-eighth of an inch. 




202. "SERVES" BOILER TUBE.— The pro- 
jecting ribs enlarge the area of the fire surface of 
the tube. 




203. SHAKING AND TIP- 
PING FURNACE GRATE, 

" Tupper " model. Each section 
rocks on trunnions by a hand 
lever and connecting bar. 



204. 




SHAKING GRATE for 

a boiler furnace. — The 
flanges are strung upon 
square bars to form each 
grate section, which are 
shaken or dumped by a 
key wrench at the front. 



64 



STEAM POWER. 




205. FURNACE GRATE, 
with dumping sections. "Tup- 
per" model grate. 




206. SHAKING GRATE for a boiler 
furnace. The sectors are astride cross 
bars, and are rocked by a lever and con- 
necting rod to each tier of sectors. 




207. SHAKING AND TIPPING 
FURNACE GRATE.— The front and 
back sections can be shaken separately 
by the double connections and levers. 




208. "COLUMBIA" STOKER 

for soft coal. The coal is filled into 
the hopper on the outside of the 
furnace, and from the bottom of the 
hopper there is carried a chute 
which inclines upward into the fur- 
nace. A pusher pushes the coal 
upward along this chute and dis- 
underneath 



charges 



the burning 



fuel, displacing the latter and causing it to bulge upward and then slide 
down the inclined grates. Air is delivered under pressure from the 
air pipe, and, passing through the openings in the blast grates in the 
front portion of the furnace, mixes with the gases distilled from the 
coal before they pass through the burning fuel above. 



STEAM POWER. 



65 




20^. "PLAYFORD" MECHAN- 
ICAL STOKER, for soft coal. A 
link grate moved by a sprocket shaft 
carries the coal, fed by a hopper, 
forward under the boiler, returning 
over a drum shaft at the bridge 
wall. A screw conveyer brings the 
ash and clinker for^vard to the pit. 



210. 




AMERICAN" BOILER STOKER. 
— The coal is carried under 
the grate from the hopper 
by a spiral screw and forced 
up over the grate. 



Side View of Stoker. 




211. MECHANICAL 
STOKER for a boiler fur- 
nace, " Playford " model. 
The coal is carried into the 
furnace from a hopper by 
a travelling grate. A gate 
with rack and gear, oper- 
ated by a lever, regulates 
the depth of the coal-feed. 




212. MECHANICAL STOKER 

for a furnace, '' Jones " model, under- 
feed to the grate. A plunger, which 
may be operated directly by a steam 
piston, pushes a charge of coal, falling 
from the hopper, on to the fore plate 

of the grate, where it is coked, the smoke and gases being drawn into 

the hot lire and burned. 



66 



STEAM POWER. 




213. MECHANICAL STOKER for a 
boiler furnace, " Meissner " model. A wide 
plunger, operated from a rock shaft, pushes the 
charge from under the hopper on to the step- 
grate, where it is coked and worked down the 

inclined rocking gate. 




AIR BLAST •»»»—>- 



214. FEED WORM AND AIR BLAST, for 
feeding fuel to furnaces or sand for an air sand 
blast. 




215. PETROLEUM BURNER, for 
a furnace, for a boiler, or other require- 
ments. A, Entrance of oil to central 
nozzle, which is regulated by a needle 
valve with screw spindle and wheel, C ; 
B, entrance of compressed air to the 
annular nozzle, the force of which 
draws the oil and atomizes it for quick 
combustion. 




216. POP SAFETY VALVE.— The " Lun- 
kenheimer," an enlarged lip disc above the valve 
disc, equahzes the increased tension of the spring 
when the valve opens. 



STEAM POWER. 



67 




DIFFERENTIAL SEAT SAFETY VALVE.— 

The enlarged area of the upper valve compensates 
for the differential tension of the spring upon open- 
ing the valve, thus causing the valve to open wide 
without increase of boiler pressure. 



218. SAFETY VALVE.— Lever 
is of the third order. A, Short lever ; 
B, centre of gravity of lever from ful- 
crum ; C, distance of weight from ful- 
crum ; S, diameter of valve ; P, pres- 
sure per square inch ; G, weight of 
the lever at its centre of gravity ; ■ W, weight of ball ; V, weight of 
valve and spindle. 

W -^ ^^ ^ -^^^"^ X P X A— (G X B) — (V X A ) 



C = 



S2 X.7354X P X A— (GX B) — (Vx A) 
W 




219. ORIGINAL FORM of the ^olipile or Hero's 
Steam Engine, 130 B.C. A reaction power, suitable 
for operation by the use of any gaseous or fluid pres 
sure. The original type of several modern motors. 



220. STEEPLE ENGINE, with cross-head 
and slides. 



68 



STEAM POWER. 




22 1. VERTICAL ENGINE, WITH 
BELL-CRANK LEVER, for stem- 
wheel boat. 



222. INCLINED PADDLE-WHEEL. 
ENGINE, with upright crank con- 
nected beam for driving air pump.. 




223. DIAGONAL TWIN-SCREW EN- 
GINE, arranged so that the connecting rods-- 
cross each other, thus economizing space. 




224. TWIN-SCREW VERTICAL CYLIN- 
DER ENGINE. — The outer gears are on the 
screw shafts ; the inner gears are idlers to keep the 
beam even. 




225. TRUNK ENGINE.— Does away with the 
slides and cross-head. It is also used for compounding 
by using the initial pressure at the trunk end and ex- 
panding beneath the piston. 



STEAM POWER. 



69 



O) • 226. OSCILLATING ENGINE, with trunnions oh 
middle of cylinder. 




227. COMPOUND OSCILLATING 
ENGINE. — Cylinders at right angles. 




228. TWIN-SCREW OSCILLAT 
ING ENGINE.— A through piston rod 
connects directly to crank-pins on the 
shaft face plates. Suitable for small 
boats. 

229. OSCILLATING HOIST 
ING ENGINE.— The piston rods 
are attached to an eccentric strap; 
one fixed, the other pivoted. A lever 
operated by the same eccentric strap, 
through a short connecting rod, oper- 
ates the valve gear of each cylinder 
alternately. 



230. THREE-CYLINDER ENGINE 

" Brotherhood " type. Steam is admitted to 
the central chamber with equal pressure on 
all the pistons. The rotary-disc valve is oper 
ated by the crank-pin, giving steam to 
the outside of the pistons alternately 
through an outside port to each cyli'r 
der. Main shaft bearing has a stuffing 
box. 



70 



STEAM POWER. 



231. TANDEM COMPOUND VERTICAL EN 
GINEj with continuous piston rod. 




232. TANDEM COMPOUND VERTICAL 
ENGINE, with cross-head and two piston rods- 
for low-pressure piston 



-^ P^ 



1 1 




M--- 


' 












— " 




1 


\ 








i 


^li — in 





233. COMPOUND ENGINES for twin screws. 
There may be one or two pair of compound cylin- 
ders. The dotted lines represent cylinders of the 
tandem model. 




234. C0MP0UN1> 

YACHT ENGINE, "Her- 

reshoff" model. Direct 

^^y receiver pipe. End and 

longitudinal elevation. 



STEAM POWER. 



/I 




235. HIGH-SPEED TANDEM 

^^^ COMPOUND ENGINE, 

" Harrisburg " model. 



236. TANDEM COMPOUND ENGINE, 

" Phoenix Iron 
Works " model. 
A direct pipe 
connection be- 
tween the high 
and low pressure 
cylinder. 





37. MODERN HIGH- 
SPEED ENGINE, 

with pulley governor, 
" Atlas " model. 




238. SINGLE D SLIDE VALVE, 
with lap. The length of the valve over 
the length from outside to outside of 
steam ports is double the lap. 




239. BALANCED SLIDE VALVE.— 
A ring in a recess of the valve rides against 
the steam chest cover, held by a spring. 



72 



STEAM POWER. 




240. DOUBLE-PORTED SLIDE 
VALVE and adjustment by double 
nuts in the back of the valve. 




illlinMMiirtnMiimn™^^^ 




241. ' MEYER" CUT-OFF VALVE.— C, D, Slide valve with 
perforated ports. The supplementary or cut-off valves are adjusted 
to the required distances, to m.eet the required cut-off, by a right and 
left screw, which has an index H. and wheel G, for turning the screw 
for cut-off adjustment on the outside of the steam chest. 




242. SINGLE D, SLIDE VALVE, 
with doutle steam and exhaust 
ports. Central steam ports open 
into steam chest at the side of the 
valve. 




243. GRIDIRON SLIDE VALVE, 

foi large port area with small motion of the 
valve. 




244. ROTARY VALVES.— 
The valves K and L are 
three-winged cylinders, and 
are nearly balanced by the 
double inlet ports of the 
valve chamber. 



STEAM POWER. 



73 




245. STEAM ENGINE 
VALVE CHEST.— Double 
ported exhaust ; shortens 
the steam passages. " Erie 
City Iron Works " model. 



246. BALANCED SLIDE VALVE.— A bell- 
shaped piston, riding in a packed gland in the 
steam chest cover, is connected to the top of the 
valve by a link. 




247. BALANCED SLIDE VALVE, " Buchanan & 

Richter's '' patent. The arm B carries a roller in 

the curved slot of the supporting piece D. The 

?^??^ pressure is relieved by the nut and screw in the 

cover. 




248. " RICHARDSON-ALLEN " 
BALANCED SLIDE VALVE. 

S| — The valve slides under an 
adjustable plate fixed to the 
steam chest cover, and is bal- 
anced by a recess in the back of the valve that is open to the ex- 
haust port. 



249. BALANCED THROTTLE VALVE, with 
direct governor connection. 





74 



STEAM POWER. 




250. WING THROTTLE VALVE, or Butterfly 
Throttle, operated by direct connection with a gov- 
ernor. 



251. MULTIPLE PORT PISTON THROTTLE 
VALVE. — A perfectly balanced valve with through 
connecting rod. 



252. "CORLISS" VALVE 
GEAR. — Operated by a 
single eccentric through 
a lever and connecting 

-- rods. Steam and exhaust 
valves are worked by pins 
on a rocking wrist plate. 
The trips on the steam-valve gears are controlled by the governor. 






253. LOCOMOTIVE LINK-MOTION 
VALVE GEAR.— In this 
arrangement the slotted 
link is moved up and 
down over the wrist pm 
block by the lever and 
connecting rod ; the le- 
ver, locking in the toothed sector, allowing for a close connection to 
the valve stem by a lever and short connecting rod. 



254. 




WALSCHAERT'S VALVE GEAR. 

— The slotted link is hung at its centre 
on a fixed pin. The valve-rod block 
is raised or lowered by the bell-crank 
lever. Lead is made by the cross- 
head link and lever. 



STEAM POWER. 



75 




vsr/ 



REVERSING LINK MOTION. 

— The slotted link is pivoted to 
the end of the eccentric rod and is 
moved up and down by the bell- 
crank lever. The block carrying the 
valve rod is stationary in the slot. 




256. VALVE GEAR of an oscillating marine 
engine. The slotted link a, receives a rocking 
motion from the eccentrics and rods, and is thrown 
from its centre either way for forward or back 
motion of the engine by the lever connecting rod 
b. A block and pin attached to the valve rod 
freely traverse the link slot. The circular slot- 
ted frame c is concentric with the cylinder trun- 
nions and the valve rod by a sliding block and 
pin to accommodate the oscillation of the cyl- 
inders. 




257. ''JOY'S " VALVE GEAR for a ver- 
tical engine. Operated from a pin in the 
connecting rod. Reversal is made by chang- 
ing the position of the slotted Imk 




' JOY'S '• VALVE GEAR for a 
horizontal engine. Adjust- 
ment is made by the angu 
lar position of the slotted 
link. Valve motion by crank 
rod and links. 



76 



STEAM POWER. 




259. "BREMME" VALVE GEAR with 

single eccentric. The eccentric arm is rocked 
by the double link connection and is reversed 
by throwing the link joint over by the hand 
screw and sector arm, not shown in cut. 




260. SINGLE ECCENTRIC VALVE 
GEAR, with variable travel, adjustable by 
a hand-wheel. The eccentric drives a 
block in a slotted link, which is rocked on a 
central pivot by the screw for varying the 
throw of the valve. 




261. CAM-BAR VALVE MOVE- 
MENT. — The horizontal movement 
of the cam bar by the bell-crank lever 
alternately moves the two valves. 




262. VALVE GEAR of a Cor- 
nish engine, with trip poppet 
valves for steam. The governor 
releases the valves by varying 
the position of the vertical bars 
connected to the rocking wrist 
plate. Exhaust valves are oper- 
ated from the eccentric through 
the lever that operates the steam valves. 



STEAM POWER. 



77 




263. VARIABLE EXPANSION GEAR, 
with one eccentric. The movement of tlie 
fulcrmn of the eccentric bar lever by the 
screw changes the throw of the valve. 




264. SINGLE ECCENTRIC VARIABLE 
VALVE THROW.—" Fink " link gear for a 
D valve. The link block is moved in the 
curved slot of the link for variation of valve 
throw, adjustable by the hand-wheel. 




A 265. " ALLEN '^ VALVE LIFT OR TOE.— 
flj, The valve lifter and rod to which the valves are 
attached; b, the toe on the rock shaft, operated 
from a cam on the engine shaft. 




266. TAPPET LEVER VALVE MOTION, 
— Used on pumps, rock drills, and percussion 
tools. 




267. STARTING LEVER, with 

spring to hold the bolt in the sec- 
tor notches. 



78 



STEAM POWER. 




x::7 



268. SIMPLE UNHOOKING DEVICE, 

much in use on the engines of side-wheel steam- 
ers. The turning down of the handle of the 
short bell-crank lever hfts the hook in the ec- 
centric rod off from the wrist pin of the rock- 
shaft crank. — when tLc; engine can be worked by 



a hand lever on the rock shaft. 



269. SIMPLE REVERSING GEAR for 
steam engines. On raising the eccentric rod the 
valve spindle is released from the hook, when 
the engine can be reversed by the hand lever ; 
the eccentric then runs back by friction a half 
turn, it being loose on the shaft, and the key 
shoulder cut away to allow the eccentric to turn half over. 









270. "JOY'S" HYDRAULIC SHIFTING 
ECCENTRIC— The centre block is keyed to 
the shaft ; pistons on each side of the block 
work in cylinders in the eccentric. Oil is pump- 
ed to one or the other piston through holes in 
the crank shaft and piston, for reversal of the 
engine. 




271. SHIFTING ECCENTRIC— The ec- 
centric is movable on worm gear and its 
sleeve, which is keyed to the shaft. The tan- 
gent worm is pivoted in lugs on the eccentric. 




\ 272. VALVE MOTION ECCENTRIC. 
— -The rocker connecting link increases the 
motion of the valve rod and travel of the 
valve. 



STEAM POWER. 



79 




273. " PEAUCELLIER'S " PARALLEL 
MOTION. — A, B and B, C are of equal distances, 
when the connecting rod will move in a straight 
line. When B is connected with the outer joint 
of the link quadrangle the inner joint C will 
have a straight-line motion. 




274. PARALLEL MOTION, used on 
side-lever marine engines. 
E, cross-head. 

C, F, radius bar. 

D, E, parallel bar. 




275. PARALLEL MOTION, for a 
lever marine engine. 

a and b are of equal length. 
c and d are of equal length. 

Radius of rocker-shaft crank F =: — 

e 



side 




276. PARALLEL MOTION and com- 
pensation weight for steam engines, " For- 
ney's " patent. The link from the cross- 
head traverses the slot at right angles to 
the engine centre, and is pivoted at its 
centre to the swinging link and weight. 




277. PARALLEL MOTION.— Length of radius 
bar equal to beam radius. Link radii are equal. Dis- 
tance of radius bar pivot above beam centre is equal 
to link radius, 



8o 



STEAM POWER. 



■f-^-a~. 



s 

d 

rs — 


Tf 


' h~ 


'''^ 




278. PARALLEL MOTION for beam en- 
gines, in which 

^ and <^ are of equal length. 
c and/* are of equal length. 
{i and e are of equal length. 

279. PARALLEL MOTION, with two pairs 
of connecting bars. 

a and 1/ are of equal length. 
c and d are of equal length. 
e, cross-head. 




280. PARALLEL MOTION, with the radius 
bar pivoted above the centre line of the beam. 
^ and ^ are of equal length. 
,? = r or ^- 
l' r= half a. 

281. PARALLEL MOTION for a direct^ 
acting engine. ■ The radius bar, A, F, is pivoted 
to the frame on the centre line and at right 
angles to the slot, B. 

A, C and A, F are of equal length. 

A, B and A, C are of equal length. 



282. PARALLEL MOTION by a rocking 
beam. A, E and A, C are equal when E is 
pivoted in the centre line of motion of the 
piston rod. 



283. PARALLEL MOTION.— The " grass- 
hopper " movement of one of the early locomo- 
tives. B, the radius bar, pivoted in the centre 
line of motion of the piston rod ; A, the rocker 
rod. 



STEAM POWER. 



8i 




284. PARALLEL MOTION for a ver- 
tical engine. A, A, radius bars pivoted to 
engine frame opposite to the middle of 
stroke. 



285. PARALLEL MOTION for an engine. 
The radius bars are of equal lengths from the 
centre line of the engine and sliding pivot of the 
long bar. Both fixed and sliding pivots at right 
angles with the centre line when at half stroke. 



286. PARALLEL MOTION of a piston 
rod by direct connection with a spur gear ro- 
tating upon the wrist pin of the crank. The 
crank-pin gear meshes in a fixed internal 
toothed gear of double its diameter. One of 
the curiosities of old-time engineering. 




287. '« CARTVVRIGHT'S " PARALLEL 
MOTION for steam engines by geared 
wheels. A free cross-head on piston rod and 
connected to two cranks on shafts with equal 
spur gears from which power is transmitted 
through a third spur wheel. Very old (77^7). 



288. PARALLEL MOTION by a cross- 
head and rollers running against guide-bars. 
Old. 



82 



STEAM POWER. 




289. CROSS-HEAD SLIDE athwart the 
shaft. An obsolete design for a vertical engine 
in a side-wheel steamer. 




M 



290. PARALLEL MOTION by guide bars in 
the frame of a vertical engine, with connecting 
piston rod and crank. Cross-head sliding in a 
slot in the frame. Old. 




291. PARALLEL MOTION to piston rod 
and cross-head by prolonging the piston rod 
through a fixed guide and connecting to the 
crank with a forked rod. A very old device and 
much in use now on pumps. 



292. PARALLEL MOTION from a sec- 
tor beam. Used on old, single-acting, atmos- 
pheric pumping engines. Cylinder is open at 
top. Piston is lifted by the weight of the 
pump rods on the other end of beam. Low- 
pressure steam follows the rising piston when 
a jet of water condenses it, and the piston is 
drawn down by atmospheric pressure. 




293. RACK GEAR PARALLEL MOTION.— 

An old pumping device used with a single 
Q--..^ acting beam engine. 

f: 



STEAM POWER. 



83 




294. ''WATT" GOVERNOR.— The cen- 
trifugal action of the balls lifts the sleeve and, 
through the bell crank, operates the throttle 
valve. 




295. COMPENSATING GOVERNOR, "Daw- 
son " patent (English). Intended to be isochronous 
in its movement. The central weight is connected 
directly with the throttle-valve stem. 




296. GRAVITY CENTRIFUGAL GOVERNOR.— 

The weight on the central rod is lifted by the centrifugal 
action of the light balls and moves the lever that controls 
the valve gear. A high-speed governor. 




297. ENGINE GOVERNOR, in which the arms 
cross each other and are extended above in a link 
movement. The arms are guided in a slotted sector. 



84 



STEAM POWER. 




298. CENTRIFUGAL BALL GOVERNOR.— 

The balls, with arms pivoted to the revolving 
spindle, through their connections raise or lower the 
grooved sleeve on the lower part of the spindle. 
The yoke of the valve lever rests in the groove and 
thus controls the valve gear by the varying speed of 
the governor." 




299. INVERTED GOVERNOR.— The cen- 
trifugal force of the balls is resisted by a spring 
around the spindle. The extension of the balls 
lifts the lever spool through the toggle-joint 
movement. 




300. DIRECT-ACTING CENTRIFUGAL 
GOVERNOR.— The balls traverse the radial 
arms a^ a, on friction rollers and are restrained 
by steel ribbons that pass over a pair of pul- 
leys at G, and are attached to the spring and 
grooved collar that operates the lever and 
throttle valve. 




301. SPRING BALANCED CENTRIF- 
UGAL GOVERNOR, "Proell" patent— The 
t^ "^-v balls are attached to the inverted arms b, b, and 
^1° y' raise the collar sleeve by their outward throw. 
The movement is restrained by the vertical leaf 
springs and links. The lift is controlled by the 
curved links hung from the cross bar at/i 



STEAM POWER. 



^5 




302. PARABOLIC GOVERNOR.— One of the 
many curious devices for governing steam engines. 
The paraboUc form of the guide arms is intended to 
equalize the motion of the grooved sHde by modifying 
the effect of centrifugal force in the position of the 
balls. Also called an isochronous governor, produc- 
ing equal valve movement for equal change in the 
speed of the engine. 



303. "ANDERSON'S" GYROSCOPE 
GOVERNOR for steam engines. A, The g>TO- 
scope wheel ; B, its spindle connected to its driv- 
ing shaft by the universal joint B', and revolved 
at high velocity by the pinion I rolling around 
the fixed bevel gear G. H, a frame holding the 
gyroscope wheel and its flexible shaft and re- 
volving it on the vertical axis by the bevel gear and band from the 
■engine shaft. The outer end of the spindle B is held in a jointed 
arm of the frame H, to allow of the retaining action of the spring L, 
through the bell crank N, connecting rod P, and rod and bow D, C, 
pivoted with a free vertical movement in the fixed frame. A swivel 
at D allows the rod and bow to turn freely with the wheel and frame 
H. By the rapid rotation of the wheel on its own axis and its 
■counter rotation on the vertical axis of the carrying frame H, its own 
axis has a strong tendency toward a vertical position, which is bal- 
anced by the spring L, causing the rod D to take a vertical motion, 
corresponding to variation in speed, and transmitting it to the valve 
^ear. 

304. HORIZONTAL 
CENTRIFUGAL GOV- 
ERNOR, " Bourdon " model. 
The balls are balanced on a 
rigid arm pivoted to the hori- 
f D zontal spindle. A sector c 
on the ball arm meshes with 
a sector pivoted on the hollow spindle of the governor, which operates 
a lever and push rod to the throttle. As the balls move only by cen- 
trifugal force of revolution, they are wholly controlled by a helical 
spring in the hollow spindle. 




86 



STEAM POWER. 




305. VANE OR WING GOVERNOR.— 
The resistance of the vanes P, P to the air by 
their variable speed from the engine gear, lifts or 
depresses the ball Q, connected with the wings, by 
means of a quick-pitch thread and nut on the 
revolving spindle, .causing a movement of the 
weighted bell-crank lever M, L, and by its actioa. 
controls the throttle valve. 



GOVERNOR FOR A STEAM ENGINE (old). 
• — A revolving sjDindle, a, carries with it a pair of 
cylindrical inclined planes, d. The ball b, frame 
and wings c, slide freely upon an extension of 
the spindle. The varying air resistance given to 
the wings <:, c by the revolution of the spindle 
lifts the ball ; the friction rollers on the cross-arm 
moving up and down the incline as the speed 
varies, moving the valve lever or an internal valve spindle. 




^H, 



U 



TO REGULATOR 




307. DIFFERENTIAL GOVERNOR. — 

The larger pulley, A, is driven by a belt fron> 
the motive power, winding up the larger weight 
which is offset by the revolution of the smaller 
pulley and the fan wheel, which is regulated by^ 
the difference in the weights which balances 
the frictional resistance of the fan. Any dif- 
ference in the speed of the motive power 
raises or lowers the large weight, moving the 
bell crank. 



■=5^-" 



STEAM POWER. 



87 




308. '■ HUNTOON " GOVERNOR. 
— A ribbed cylinder, A, is partly filled 
with oil. A paddle wheel, B, is re- 
volved by the pulley and shaft which 
by fluid friction moves the ribbed cyl- 
inder and pinion in the same direction. 
The pinion meshes in the toothed sec- 
tor, which is counterbalanced bv an 
adjustable weight. The sector rock 
shaft operates the steam throttle valve 
through its arm and con- 
necting rods. 

309. Vertical Section. 

310. Cross Vertical Section. 
ShowiniJ^ ribs and paddle 
wheel. 




31T. "PROELL" GOVERNOR.— In 

addition to the weight lifted by the cen- 
trifugal balls, an air dash pot is used in 
the line of the central rod connected at 
the top by a yoke pivoted to the bell 
crank arms. The dash pot with bye pass 
is shown at the left. 




312. *' PORTER" GOVERNOR.— The cen- 
trifugal balls lift a central weight, A, by tfie 
toggle-arm connection. A high-speed governor. 



88 



STEAM POWER. 




313. ''RICHARDSON" GOVERNOR.— 
The arms in this governor are crossed and sus- 
pended from two points, the balls lifting a 
central weight by their pivoted connections. 
The groove on the lower extension of the 
weight operates the throttle. 




314. PRINCIPLE OF THE "PICKERING" 
GOVERNOR.— The centrifugal force of the balls 
revolving with the central spindle throws out the 
springs to which they are attached, shortens their 
length on the spindle, and lifts the grooved collar 
that carries the lever for regulating the valve motion. 




315. "PICKERING" GOVERNOR.— The 

revolving balls are held by springs, the exten- 
sion of which draws the cap, A, dow^nw^ard and 
with it the central valve rod, with direct con- 
nection to the balanced throttle valve. 




316. PULLEY OR FLYWHEEL GOVER- 
NOR, "Sweet's." — The eccentric moves toward 
the centre by the centrifugal action of the 
weight restrained, by the spring through the 
connecting link. 



STEAM POWER. 



89 




317. CRANK-SHAFT GOVERNOR.— 

The centrifugal action of the weights, bal- 
anced by the springs, shifts the position of 
the inner eccentric to vary the throw of the 
main eccentric. 




318. CRANK-SHAFT GOVERNOR.— The cen- 
trifugal action of two hinged weights, balanced by 
springs, varies the eccentric by moving it toward 
the centre by excess of speed. 'Eccentric is hinged 
to an arm of the pulley or fly wheel. 




319. FLY-WHEEL OR PULLEY GOV 
ERNOR. — The centrifugal force of two pivoted 
weights connected to a spiral-slotted face plate, 
in which a wrist pin on the arm of the eccentric 
sets it forward or back ; controlled by the adjust- 
ment of the holding springs. 




320. SLOTTED CROSS-HEAD, with "Clay- 
ton's " adjustable wrist-pin box. Two taper 
half-boxes and sliding taper gibs, with heads 
carrying screws for adjusting the boxes to both 
slide cross-head and wrist pin. 




321. TRAMMEL CRANK.— The pins c, c on 
the rod B traverse the two right-angled slots in the 
revolving face plate, producing a reciprocating motion 
of the rod B. 



STEAM POWER. 




322. CRANK-PIN LUBRICATOR.-^ 

The oil cup is fixed. A wiper on the con- 
necting rod end takes off the drop of oil 
from the capillary feed oil cup. 




323. CENTRIFUGAL CRANK-PIN OILER 
made adjustable by the sliding support clamped 
at S, so that the revolving feed pipe K shall be 
aligned with the axis of the shaft. 




324. CENTRIFUGAL LUBRI- 
CATING DEVICE for the crank 
pin of a high-speed engine. An 
annular cup with an open front is 
fastened to the crank and fed by a 
drip spout at A. The oil is thrown to the outer rim of the cup by 
the centrifugal force of revolution and to the oil holes through the 
crank pin. 






325. "COCHRANE" ROTARY ENGINE.— 

A wing piston rotating around the central axis of an 
outer shell or cylinder. A hollow cylinder of small- 
er diameter is pivoted eccentric to the wing axis to 
keep one side in contact with the shell. The steam 

.W """ '-'^z-'/'''' pressure revolves the wing and shaft Avith a force 

due to the varying area of the wing outside of the inner cylinder. 




326. "FRANCHOT" ROTARY ENGINE. 
— A slotted concentric cylinder carries a con- 
tinuous solid wing across and in contact with the 
interior surface of an ovoid shell, shaped for ex- 
act diameter in all directions on the eccentric 
axis of revo ution. 



STEAM POWER. 



9' 




327. DOUBLE SLIDE PISTON ROTARY 
ENGINE. — In this engine the shaft and piston 
barrel are concentric, while the walls of the steam 
chambers are ovoid. A difficult form of con- 
struction. 




32S. "LAMB" ROTARY ENGINE.— 

An annular cylinder with a fixed partition be- 
tween the inlet and outlet. The piston is a 
hollow cylinder with a longitudinal slot, 
which slides up and down the partition, the 
outside of the cylinder wiping the inner surface 
of the shell. The centre cf the traversing cylinder is pivoted to a 
crank pin, which carries it around a common centre shaft. 



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329. "COCHRAN" ROTARY ENGINE.— 

The wing pistons d, d are packed in the eccen- 
tric inner cylinder by a slotted rocking cylinder 
and revolve concentric with the outer cylinder or 
shell. The inner cylinder is pivoted eccentric to 
the shell, making a tight joint at the bottom. 




330. ROTARY ENGINE.— B, shaft; C, eccen- 
tric rotating piston ; D, follower slide. The eccen- 
tric cylindrical piston operates the slide by its 
revolution. 




331. "NAPIER" ROTARY ENGINE.— An 
eccentric mounted cylinder on a shaft concentric 
with the shell. There are two sliding wings in slots 
in the shell, held to their bearings by springs or cam 
wheels on the shaft outside with connecting bars- 
There are two pair of ports. 



92 



STEAM POWER. 




332. ROLLER PISTON ROTARY ENGINE. 
A rubber lining loosely placed within the cylin- 
der is rolled over by the three-armed roller spider. 
E, E, rubber lining ; B, spider on shaft; A, A, A, 
rollers. 



S2,3. "COCHRANE" ROTARY ENGINE. 

— An eccentric cylindrical piston rotating on an 
axis central to the shell. The vibrating wings 
pivoted in the outer shell form the steam abut- 
ment by closing against the eccentric revolving 
cylinder. 



334. "BOARDMAN" ROTARY EN- 
GINE. — A cylinder revolving concentric 
with an outer segmental cylinder, with pock- 
ets containing swing pistons that open by 
centrifugal action at the steam inlet, mak- 
ing a steam abutment across the segment. 
The swing pistons are closed at the exhaust 
port by contact with the small segment of the outer cylinder. 





335. ROTARY ENGINE, with concentric shaft 
and wing barrel. The two wing slides pass through 
cylindrical rockers to give the slides a slight oscillat- 
ing motion ; slides are kept extended by pins tra- 
versing a circular slot concentric with the shell. 




SS6. " SMITH " ROTARY ENGINE.— 

Four arms with cylindrical sectors are rotated 
around an axis central to a perforated cylindrical 
shell. The driven shaft and head discs are ec- 
centric to the shell. The pressure of steam be- 
tween the wings tends to push them apart, by 
which the differential leverage on the disc pins 



revolves the disc and shaft. 



STEAM POWER. 



93 




337. "BERRENBERG" ROTARY 
ENGINE. — Two intersecting cylindrical 
shells. The steam cylinder D has two 
cylindrical pistons, D', D', on opposite 
sides, that mesh in corresponding cavi- 
^^§= ties in the cylindrical steam valve, both 
rotating in unison by equal external gearing. The steam port passes 
through the rotary valve E at the proper moment for the impulse. 
The supplementary sectors D'^ are hinged to the pistons D^ to make 
a more perfect contact with the outer cylindrical shell. 




2:^8. "FLETCHER'S" ROTARY CON- 
DENSING ENGINE.— A hollow drum on a 
shaft eccentric to a double shell. Three slots 
carry slides and socketed arms as abutment 
wings, which are kept in contact with the cylin- 
drical shell by a ring not shown. Steam ports 
on inner shell at the left side. Exhaust ports 
on the inner shell at the right. 



339. "BARTRUM & POWELL" RO- 
TARY ENGINE.— A double shell divided 
for steam and exhaust. The inner shell 
cylindrical with a shaft and crank concen- 
tric. The crank pin carries a smaller 
winged cylinder, the wing sliding through 
a rocking joint. The end packing is made adjustable by a plate set 
up with screws. The crank pin has an eccentric sleeve which, by a 
slight rotation, compensates the wear of the rubbing surfaces. 





340. "RITTER" ROTARY EN- 
GINE. — A revolving cylinder concen- 
tric with the shell, carrying an abutting 
lip or extension fitting the outer case. 
A revolving lunette controlled by gear 
on main shaft allows the lip to pass ; a 
continuous gear train operates the 
valve. 

341. Exterior with valve gears. 



94 



STEAM POWER. 




342. "HOLLY" ROTARY ENGINE. 
— The two geared pistons mesh their long 
teeth into the recesses of the opposite piston, 
thus making the sum of the radii between 
the centres less than the sum of the radii 
from each centre to its cylinder wall. Press- 



ure rotates the gear in the direction of the longest leverage. 




343. ''STOCKER" ROTARY ENGINE.— 

The sector pistons are each connected through 
central concentric shafts to slotted cranks in 
which a sliding box and link connect to a crank 
on a shaft eccentric to the sector shaft. A differ- 
ential motion of the sectors is produced while 
rotating which rotates the driven shaft by the 
outside slotted crank connections. 




344. "FORRESTER" ROTARY ENGINE.— 
A cylindrical block and guard wing swing on an ec- 
centric on the shaft. The guard wing slides in and 
operates the ports of a two-port rotar}^ valve, the 
outer shell of which is operated by levers and con- 
necting rods for reversing the engine. 




345. " KIPP " ROTARY PISTON 
ENGINE. — A broad pulley enclosing 
four single-acting cylinders with op- 
posite pistons connected by yoked rods. 
A fixed crank pin and slide block 
placed eccentric to the pulley axis gives 
the propelling force by displacing the pistons successively. The 
steam follows through ports in a disc valve with inlet and exhaust 
through the hollow shaft. 
346. Section. 



STEAM rOWER. 



95 



347. "RUTH'S" ROTARY ENGINE.— 
A revolving cylinder engine. Three cylinders, 
A, A, A, radiate from a shaft set eccentric to 
an outer circle or ring on which the piston 
connected sheaves revolve. The pistons take 
steam through the ports M, M, M, just past 
the shortest eccentric radius, and drives out the 
piston during a half revolution, when the ex- 
haust is opened and the piston is pushed back by the eccentric ring. 





348. "ALMOND" ENGINE.— Four 

single-acting cylinders set tangent to a 
shaft which is central to an outer shell. 
The pistons have jointed segmental 
plates at their outer end that press 
against the outer shell and cause the 
cylinders and shaft to revolve by the ec- 
centric direction of their pressure. Disc 
ports for steam and exhaust. 




349. ROTATING CYLINDER ENGINE.— 

The cylinder rotates on trunnions with a 
through piston rod terminating with rol- 
lers running in an oval ring. Steam and 
exhaust ports in the trunnion. Pressure of 
the piston-rod rollers on the oval ring re- 
volves the cylinder and fly-wheel on its 
runnion. 




350. ROTARY MULTI-CYLINDER ENGINE.— 
Three or more cylinders are attached to and re- 
volve with the fly-wheel. The crank is stationary 
and eccentric to the fly-wheel. Each cylinder is 
single-acting. Valves are on a central disc at A. 



gG 



STEAM POWER. 



351. "BATES" COMPOUND VIBRATING 
ENGINE. — The upper section of the cyl- 
inder has a shorter radius than the lower 
section for the compound effect. The shaft 
and wings are concentric and vibrate be- 
tween two stationary abutments, 10, 10. 
Opposite each abutment is a cylindrical 
valve, which by its motion admits the steam to the upper section, and 
transfers its exhaust to the lower section, and also the final exhaust. 





352. "DAVIE'S" DISC ENGINE.— A 
disc, I?, is fixed to an oscillating shaft, a, 
which swings in a circuit pivoted in the disc 
crank, c. The cylinder heads are cones in 
the apex of which the ball bearing of the 
shaft oscillates. The outer shell of the cyl- 
inder, d, is spherical over which the disc moves. Steam enters alter- 
nately on either side of piston. 



353. "REULEAUX" ENGINE OR 
PUMP.— A disc on a fixed shaft. The 
cylinder swings on a central spherical 
bearing, carrying an arm pivoted in a 
crank. 



354. " LINK " VIBRATORY ENGINE.— 
A pair of curved cylinders with an annular 
piston rod to which is attached the arms from 
the central shaft. The reciprocal motion of 
the piston rocks the central shaft, the motion 
of which is made continuous by a link and 
crank, not shown. 





355. OSCILLATING PISTON ENGINE. — A 

crank and connecting rod outside the engine convert 
the oscillating motion of the piston into rotary motion. 



STEAM POWER. 



97 




356. VIBRATING 
PISTON ENGINE, 'Tar- 
son's " model. Two sector 
pistons vibrating in a cyl- 
inder. One sector is fast 
on a central solid shaft, 
the other is fast on a con- 
centric hollow shaft. At 
the other end of each shaft 
is a crank and link con- 
nection to a wrist pin at 
opposite positions on a 
face plate which is fast on a revolving shaft eccentric to the piston 
shafts. The exhaust port is in the circumference of the cylinder. 

357. Shows the crank end 
of the vibrating shafts with the 
link connections. The steam 
port is in the cylinder head, 
which is the steam chest. Dur- 
ing one-half of a fly-wheel 
revolution one of the sectors 
makes a large angular move- 
ment, while the other makes a 
relatively small angular move- 
ment, and during the second 
half, the two sectors reverse their relative movements — i.e., the one 
going slow during the first half making the quick movement during 
the second half, and vice versa. 

fo1\^^\Vi 35^* Shows the detail of one 

;^--^ sector, piston, shaft, crank, and 
link connection with the eccen- 
tric- revolving disc and shaft. 



35-9. Shows both sector pic- 
tons, concentric shafts, cranks, 
and link connections to the op- 
posite wrist pins on the revolv- 
ing face plate of the constant 
velocity shaft. 





98 



STEAM POWER. 



360. "KNICK'ERB.OCKER" 
FOUR-PIS^rd%-ROTARY 

ENGINE.— A- ' fou^armed 
lyoke is socketed on ,a centre 

common to the four pistons. 

Its spindle "is a crank pin, 

and makes a conipal circuit 
Avith the crank and shaft. The ends of the yoke.-'^re socketed to the 
pistons by connecting rods. The pistons take steam successively, 
making a continuous pressure on the circuit of the crank. 





361. "ROOT'S " DOUBLE QUADRANT 
ENGINE. — In this design the two oscillating 
pistons are connected directly with the crank 
on the inside of the engine case, which is also 
the exhaust receiver. From the positions of 
the connecting rods at the end of the stroke of 
each piston tlife dead centre is' eliminated. 



d 



A _^ 362. "ROOT'S" SQUARE PISTON EN- 

GINE. — The oblong square box, A, is the 
cylinder proper. B, is a frame sliding freely 
in a horizontal direction by the force of the 
steam from the side ports, </, d. C is the in- 
ner rectangular piston, connected directly to 
the crank pin a, the shaft, d, being central to the range of the mov- 
ing pistons. The piston, C, receives steam from the top and bottom 
ports, d, d, within the frame, B. 



d 




363. "DAKE" SQUARE PISTON 
ENGINE. — Two rectangular pistons, 
one within the other, working at right 
angles in the outer piston. The inner 
piston is connected to the crank pin, 
and moves vertically. The outer piston 
moves horizontally in the case. The 
principle is similar to the Root Square 
Engine,' No. 362. 



STEAM POWER. 



99 



364. " WILKINSON'S " STEAM 
TURBINE. — Two rim-pocketed 
discs running against the disc surfaces 
of a shell with oblique steam ports. 
The discs are feathered on the shaft, 
and held against the faces of the 
shell by springs. A groove around 
the shell opposite the pockets allows 
the steam to pass around to the ex- 
haust pipes. 




365. Section showing steam pockets. 



^66. "DOW" STEAM TUR- 
BINE. — Two discs fixed to a 
shaft have on their face a 
series of circular grooves and 
tongues, meshed with a pair 
of fixed discs with grooves and 
tongues, as shown in small sec- 
tion 367. The tongues on 
the revolving discs are cut across at short distances in a slanting direc- 
tion. The tongues on the stationary disc are cut in the opposite 
direction. The steam passes to the centre hub, and is forced through 
the openings across the tongues, giving motion to the discs and shaft. 

368. Vertical section of engine. 





369. " DE LAVAL" STEAM TURBINE. 
— A jet or jets of steam impinge at a small 
angle upon the concave buckets at the per- 
iphery of a disc wheel, pass through the 
cavities between the buckets and exhaust at 
the other side. The buckets are lunette. 
The nozzle has an expanding orifice. 

370. Plan showing nozzle at side of 
wheel. 



lOO 



STEAM POWER. 



371. "PARSONS'" STEAM 
TURBINE. — A series of discs 
fixed on a shaft with intersecting 
discs on the shell. The face of the 
shaft discs has several small blades 
set at an angle with the radius. 
The outside fixed disks have a sim- 
ilar set of blades interlocking with 
the revolving blades and set at a contrary angle. The steam passes 
from the valve to the inner edge of the first fixed disc, then outward 
through the blades, and returns through the vacant space of the next 
pair and outward again. 




Section V. 
STEAM APPLIANCES. 

INJECTORS, STEAM PUMPS, CONDENSERS, SEPARATORS, 
TRAPS, AND VALVES. 



STEAM APPLIANCES. 

Injectors, Steam Pumps, Condensers, Separators, Traps, and Valves. 

372. "PEERLESS" IN- 
JECTOR.— An exhaust 
steam injector. A hinged sec- 
tion of the combining tube 
allows a free flow of the ex- 
haust until a water current is 

started, wdien the hinge closes and the overflow valve closes, as in 

other injectors. 




WATER 




373. "SHAEFFER& BUDEN- 
BERG" INJECTOR.— An exhaust in- 
jector by which the exhaust steam 
establishes a feed jet to the boiler. A 
hinged section in the combining tube 
allows a free flow of steam to draw the 
water; the hinged section then doses and 
the injector operates the same as others 
for feeding a boiler. 



'^ NATIONAL " AUTOMATIC 
INJECTOR, has four 
fixed tubes. The two check 
valves, C, D, open and close 
successively as the lift is 
started and the current es- 
tablished. 



I04 



STEAM APPLIANCES. 




''METROPOLITAN" 
INJECTOR.— The steam is 
turned on by a screw spindle 
valve. It has three fixed noz- 
zle tubes, A, B, F. A disc 
relief-check valve, C, and a 
wing check, I. 



" LUNKENHEIMER " IN- 
JECTOR.— Four fixed noz- 
zle tubes with a lever-moved 
valve, a ; W, water-regulating 
valve ; D, stop check to over- 
flow ; C, automatic check; W, 
water valve. 



"EBERMAN" INJECTOR. 
— The combining tube slides 
for regulating thelift and over- 
flow. A single gravity check 
valve, D, closes the overflow 
when the current to the boiler 
is established. 



378. "NATHAN" INJECTOR.— 
A vertical model with four fixed nozzle 
tubes, tandem. A disc valve, C, closes 
at the moment the current is established, 
and the flap valve, D, makes the final 
closure of the overflow. 



STEAM APPLIANCES. 



105 




379. ''LITTLE GIANT" 
INJECTOR.— This model 
has two fixed tubes. The 
central or combining tube is 
movable for adjustment. A 
single automatic check valve 
regulates the overflow. 



CHECK VALV£- 




Water 




8TEAM 




380. "PENBERTHY" 
SPECIAL INJECTOR.— 
Has three fixed nozzle tubes. 
The opening of a detached 
valve gives steam pressure in 
the chamber E, and opens 
both overflow check valves. 
When the current is estab- 
lished check valve C closes, 
followed by check valve D. 



381. "PARK" INJECTOR.— 
A double ,tube in tandem, in 
which the handle has two 
movements to operate the 
lift and force nozzles. A 
self-lifting check valve gov- 
erns the overflow. 



382. SELLERS'" RESTARTING 
INJECTOR.— In this model all the tubes 
are fixed. Two concentric check valves, 
C, D, guided by the combining tube, are 
operated by the pressure in the combining 
tube at the moment that the water reaches 
it, closing the overflow. 



io6 



STEAM APPLIANCES. 




LITTLE GIANT" LOCOMOTIVE 
INJECTOR. — In this 
model the lift is started when 
the separate steam valve is 
opened. The forcing or com- 
bining tube is movable for reg- 
ulation by a screw and yoke, 

F. A movement of the handle opens the injection nozzle, and closes 

the lift nozzle ports. 

METROPOLITAN " DOUBLE-TUBE. 
INJECTOR.— The first pove- 
ment of the handle opens the 
first section of a double-beat 
valve at b^ and gives steam to 
the lifting nozzle A ; the over- 
flow passing freely through the 
check valve C, and the open 
valve at D. K. further move- 
ment of the handle opens the second section of the double-beat 
steam valve B, and closes the overflow valve D. 

385. "BROWNLEY" INJECTOR.— 

The steam flows to the double- 
jet nozzles without any regulat- 
ing device other than the over- 
flow cock, which by this pecu- 
liar construction relieves both 
lift and force tubes. 





386. "LEADER" INJECTOR.—^ 
A double-tube injector. A 
separate valve gives steam 
to the lifting nozzle A, with 
the overflow cock open. The 
first movement of the handle 
opens the force valve h ; a 
further movement closes the 
overflow to both lift and force 
tubes. 



STEAM APPLIANCES. 



ior 




EXCELSIOR " INJECTOR.— 
A separate valve gives steam 
to the lifting nozzle A, the 
overflow cock D C being 
open. The first movement 
of the handle opens the coni- 
cal valve b ; 2^ further move- 
ment closes the overflow cock 
D C to both the lifting and 
force overflow S. 




KORTING" INJECTOR.— 
A double-tube automatic 
movement by which the dif- 
ference in area of the valve 
discs at A and B allows the 
balance lever to open the 
lifting nozzle first and, by 
a further movement of the 
handle, opens the force noz- 
zle B. The overflow is self- 
adjusting for both nozzles. 





389. "HANCOCK" INSPI- 
RATOR.— A double-tube injector. 
The tube A lifts the water and 
starts the circulation through the 
overflow, when the steam nozzle 
B is opened and valves C and 
D are closed. 



390. BALL-VALVE INJECTOR, automatic 

in action. 

J, J, ball valves. 
P, steam inlet. 
W, inverted nozzle. 
Q, suction inlet. 

B, overflow. 

C, side outlet to boiler. 
S, cap. 



io8 



STEAM APPLIANCES. 




391. " HANCOCK" LOCO- 
MOTIVE INSPIRATOR, a 

double-tube injector. 

A, the lifting nozzle and tube. 
B,the forcingnozzle andtube. 

C, the lift overflow. 

D, the force overflow. 

Two movements of the handle are required for starting ; the first 
opens the starting valve a and overflow D, Avith valve H open. A 
further pull of the handle opens the force valve b, and the pressure 
closes the overflow valve D. 



392. " STANDARD " INJECTOR.— 

An exhaust injector with live-steam 
starter and supplementary attachment 
for a live-steam injector. 

B, live-steam starter. 

C, live steam for full work. 
A, throttle valve. 
G, regulator. 




393. "SELLERS'" SELF- 
ADJUSTING INJECTOR.— 
The water nozzle G has a free 
movement in the case and cage 
at S. With too much water for 

the steam, the nozzle is pushed back and partially closes the water 

area. Self-adjusting. 



394. STEAM PUMP, with ro- 
tating piston valve and curved tap- 
pet. An arm on the valve stem 
is linked to the end of the curved 
tappet. The tappet is thrown by 
a roller clamp on the piston rod. 




STEAM APPLIANCES. 



109 




395. "MISCH'S" VALVE 
TAPPET, for a steam pump. 
A three-armed lever rocked 
5 by a roller travelling with the 
piston rod. 




396. INDEPENDENT JET 
CONDENSER PUMP. 

A, exhaust inlet from engine. 

B, water inlet. 

C, water nozzle. 

D, spray valve regulated by 
screw spindle and wheel E. 

F, spray chamber. 

J, water discharge from pump. 




EXHAUST 

TO 
ATMOSPHERE 



397. EJECTOR CONDENSER, with auto- 
matic three-way valve. By the operation of two 
valve discs on a single stem the exhaust steam is 
passed to the atmosphere, or is condensed by the 
multiple nozzle water jet. " Korting " model. 



no 



STEAM APPLIANCES. 




398. EXHAUST JET CONDENSER.— 
The exhaust steam passes through a cyhndri- 
cal nozzle and meets a thin annular stream of 
water at the mouth of a funnel-shaped nozzle. 
The converging sheet of water condenses the 
steam, and prevents back pressure by its 
velocity through the narrow end of the nozzle. 




399. BALANCED REDUCING VALVE. 

— The spindle of the balanced throttle discs 
is attached to a large diaphragm by levers, and 
counterbalanced by an outside lever with 
movable weight for adjustment of the reduced 
pressure. 




400. PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE.— The 
back pressure on the enlarged area of the disc valve 
regulates the flow of steam or air, and is regulated 
by the weight at the bottom of the spindle and the 
adjusting screw. 




401. -FOSTER" PRESSURE 
REDUCING VALVE.— The balanced 
valve is opened by a diaphragm against 
the pressure of springs.' The high- 
pressure connection, 3, starts the valve 
into position. The passage from the 
low-pressure side at G admits steam 
from low-pressure side to the diaphragm. 



which is connected to the valve spindle by toggle joints. 



STEAM APPLIANCES. 



ITT 



HOTCHKISS" BOILER CLEANER, 
for removing the surface scum from 
steam boilers. The circulation through 
the settling globe is produced by the dif- 
ference in temperature in the rising pipe, 
d, and the return pipe, e. The large 
area in the globe allows the dirt to 
settle, to be blown off through the pipe,/ 



403. FEED-WATER HEATER and surface condenser. Ex- 
Jiaust steam enters at the top, and is condensed on the outside of the 

tubes. The feed 

=^==^511^5==.^ .. ^ V^ — ^J 





Avater is circulat- 
ed through the 
tubes. 



403 a. 
section. 



Cross 




6AF5TV tS;*.^E 



404. STEAM SEPARATOR. — The entrained 
water in the steam is lodged upon the rough walls, 
and drips to the strainer and into the pocket, and is 
drawn off through the valve. The glass gauge in- 
dicates the height of water in the pocket. 



405. STEAM SEPARATOR, in line for hori- 
zontal pipes. The corrugated surface catches the 
water of condensation, which falls through the 
grating to the recess below\ " Austin " model. 



406. FILTER FOR BOILER, feed 
water. An upward flow. Water enters 
from the left and flows through felt 
held between wire gauze and perforated 
plates. The space ma}^ be filled with 
sponge or coarse sawdust. 



112 



STEAM APPLIANCES. 



" RETURN STEAM TRAP, 

'' Blessing " pattern. 
The trap is placed 
above the water line 
of the boiler. The 
globe is balanced 
on a weighted lever 
so that it rises when 
empty and falls 
when filled with 
water. The movement of the globe up and down trips valves that 
alternately charge the globe with the water from a heating system . 
and discharges it into the boiler. 

408. SPRING STEAM TRAP.— The shell 
of iron expands by the heat of the steam at a 
less rate than the brass spring valve, so that 
the hot steam closes it and the cooler water opens it by contraction. 






409. SPRING STEAM TRAP.— A differ- 
ential expansion of the spring itself causes it 
to open with the water temperature and close 

U with steam temperature. The spring is made 

of two strips of metal, the upper one of brass and the lower one of 
steel, riveted together. 

410. STEAM T R A P.— The water con- 
densed in a heating system flows into the trap 
case and closes the valve by lifting the float. 
By the overflow into the float, it sinks, opening 
the valve, and the water is discharged from the 
float, allowing it to rise and to close the valve. 

411. "BUNDY" STEAM TRAP.— 
The pear-shaped bowl rises when empty,, 
and falls when full of water. It swings on 
trunnions carrying an arm, which oper- 
ates a valve for charging and discharg- 
ing the water to and from the bowl. 




STEAM APPLIANCES. 



115 




412. STEAM TRAP WITH VALVE, 
operated by a float. The ingress of 
water lifts the float and opens the dis- 
charge valve. " Curtis " model. 




413. ''HEINTZ" STEAM 
TRAP.— The differential expan- 
sion of two metals in the semi- 
circular arc opens or closes the 
inlet valve. Adjustment is made 
by the set-screw. 




414. "MORAN'S" FLEXIBLE STEAM JOINT 
and automatic relief valve. A ground globular 
pipe fitting held in a spherical union joint. 




415. CORRUGATED EXPANSION 
COUPLING, " Wainwright's " model. A 
hard brass tube, corrugated, gives the tube 
a longitudinal elasticity to take up the ex- 
pansion of steam pipes. 




416. FLANGED EXPANSION JOINT.— 
Used in pipe lines to take up the change in 
length due to difference in temperature. 



TI4 



STEAM APPLIANCES. 




417. AUTOMATIC RELIEF VALVE.— The 
valve is kept closed by a crank attachment to the 
spindle and weighted lever outside. Excess of press- 
ure raises the stem and discs, throttling the passage 
of steam and relieving the back pressure. 




418. HORIZONTAL SWING CHECK 
VALVE. — The disc is loose in the swina^ 
frame and may be reground tight by a socket 
wrench passed through the plug opening. 




419. GLOBE VALVE. 

a, the body. 
d, the bonnet. 
g, the spindle. 

b, the winged disc. 



c, the spindle nut. 

e, gland. 
f, gland nut. 
//, wheel. 




420. EXHAUST STEAM HEAD. — The ex- 
haust steam is deflected by perforated discs and cap 
plates, which separate the water to drip between 
the inner and outer shell. 




421. CENTRIFUGAL EXHAUST HEAD. 

— The exhaust steam head enters the drum 
tangentially, throwing the particles of water 
against the outer surface to drip to the bottom. 



Section VI. 
MOTIVE POWER. 

GAS AND GASOLINE ENGINES, VALVE GEAR AND APPLI- 
ANCES, CONNECTING RODS AND HEADS. 



MOTIVE POWER. 

<jAs and Gasoline Engines, Valve Gear and Appliances, Connecting 

Rods and Heads. 




422. GASOLINE ENGINE, "Olds" model. Plan showing 
location of valve chest and valve gear, operated from an eccentric with 
an alternating sector gear for an impulse at every other revolution. 




423. SECTIONAL PLAN OF A GASOLINE ENGINE.— 
Four-cycle type, with exhaust port opened by the piston at the end 
of the stroke, and continued exhaust through an annular valve around 
the inlet valve. The charge is heated and vaporized in the valve 
chamber by the exhaust. " Olin " model. 



ii8 



MOTIVE POWER. 




424. SIMPLE GAS OR GASOLINE ENGINE.— A, inlet 
valve ; E, exhaust valve ; gasoline enters by gravity at G, regulated 
by a faucet. Air enters at B by the suction of the piston, atomizing 
the gasoline as it drops into the air chamber. The tube igniter is 
heated by a gasoline burner beneath the bell mouth. 



425. GASOLINE ENGINE VALVE GEAR.— The centrifugal 
action of the weights on the reducing gear operates a bell crank that 

directs the 
exhau st 
push rod 
on or off 
the cam. 

"Olin" 
model. 





426. GAS ENGINE, 
"Union" model. A 
four-cycle motor with 
half- reducing gear; 
push-rod lever and two 
push rods for governing 
charge and exhaust. 



MOTIVE POWER. 



119 



427. GASOLINE CARRIAGE MOTOR. — Four cycle or com- 
pression type. Ribs on cylinder for air cooling. H is the carburetter 

with w i r c - 
gauge atomiz- 
er; O, gaso- 
line feed-pipe. 
Warm air is 
drawn into 
carburetter 
from the pipe 
over the Bun- 
sen burner, G,. 
by the suction 
of the piston ; it is then saturated with gasoline vapor, and returned 
by a separate pipe to the inlet valve, C. 




^rr-ir 




428. VERTICAL GASOLINE ENGINE, 

" Webster " pattern. The cylinder and water 
jacket form part of the framework of the engine. 
A four-cycle type. 




429. VERTICAL GAS ENGINE, 

" Root" model. Four-cycle compressioa 
with double explosion. ^ is a second- 
ary chamber and port, closed about 
half-stroke, shutting off part of the charge 
during compression, which is exploded 
during the impulse stroke of the piston. 



I20 



MOTIVE POWER. 



430. VERTICAL KEROSENE OIL ENGINE, 

" Daimler" model. The oil is vaporized by the 
heat of the exhaust, and forced into the cylinder, 
with the proper proportion of air for explosive 
combustion, by the downward stroke of the piston 
and compression in the crank chamber. The up- 
ward stroke charges the crank chamber with air 
and vapor. 




431. "DIESEL" MOTOR.— A, cylinder; /, 
air pump ; jy, air-pump lever ; T, air re- 
ceiver. Air is compressed by the pump to 
450 lbs. i3er square inch, and stored in the 
receiver. Oil is fed by a small pump to 
the inlet-valve chamber, where it is ato- 
mized by entering the cylinder with the 
compressed air. Explosion every other 
revolution. 



432. VERTICAL GAS 
ENGINE, two-cycle type, 
" Day " model. The air and 
gas are drawn into the crank 
chamber by the upward 
stroke of the piston. The 
return stroke compresses the 
mixture in the crank cham- 
ber, which charges the 
cylinder through the side 
passage at the opening of the 
cylinder port at the end of 
the down stroke of the piston. E, clearance space ; B, guard on pis- 
ton ; A, crank chamber ; F, tube igniter ; D, O, inlet valves. 



MOTIVE POWER. 



121 



433. STREET RAILWAY GAS 
MOTOR PASSENGER 
CAR , German model. The 
motor consists of two cylin- 
ders on opposite sides of the 
crank shaft, placed under 
the seats. The fly-M^heel is 
behind the seats. The power 
is transmitted to the axles 
through gears, sprockets, and chains, with friction regulation. Motor 




runs continually. 
car floor. 



Compressed gas is stored in cylinders under the 




434. GASOLINE MOTOR 
CAR. — The gasoline motor runs 
constantly, operating an electric 
generator which charges the stor- 
age batteries, that in turn supply 
the current as required for the 
intermittent or variable work of 
the electric motors geared to the 
car axles. 



435. VALVE GEAR for a 
gas engine. — A simple device 
for opening the exhaust valve 
of a four-cycle motor. The 
eccentric gives the push rod 
a forward stroke at each revo- 
lution of the shaft. The 
ratchet wheel C has a friction 
resistance, with every other 

tooth a shallow notch, so as to hold up the lip of the push rod at every 

second revolution of the shaft and make a miss-hit on the valve rod. 

At the next revolution the lip falls into a deep notch and the push rod 

opens the exhaust valve. 




122 



MOTIVE POWER. 



436. VALVE GEAR, for a 
four-cycle gas engine. The cam 
is fixed to the engine shaft. The 
inner ring gear is swept around 
within the outer fixed gear^ 
skipping by one tooth at each 
revolution of the engine shaft. 
This makes a contact of a ring-gear tooth with the exhaust-valve rod 
at every other revolution, necessary for the operation of a four-cycle 
motor. 





437. DOUBLE-GROOVED ECCENTRIC, for two 
f 4 — I lengths of rod thrown alternately by traversing the push 

^- J i rod in the cross grooves, also for single-valve rod throw 

for four-cycle gas engine. 



iCCENTRIC 
ROD 



438. VALVE GEAR for a four-cycle gas 
engine. The two-thread worm on the en- 
gine shaft has the middle part of the thread 
extended to form a cam. The four-part 
gear, B, revolves by the action of the worm, 
and at every other revolution the cam section of the worm runs into 
the recess of the revolving gear, and the valve rod is not operated, 
thus opening the exhaust valve at every second revolution as required. 




"t^ 



439. PLUMB-BOB GOVERNOR for a 

gas engine. The plumb-bob, A, is pivoted 
in a box attached to the exhaust valve push 
rod. The back motion of the push rod pro- 
duces a forward motion of the bob, acting like 
a pendulum, and a downward motion of the 
pick blade, C, bringing it in contact Avith the valve spindle, D. The 
spring-end screws, E and F, are for the adjustment of the motion of A. 




MOTIVE POWER. 



123 




440. INERTIA GOVERNOR for a gas engine. 
The ball, J, is the inertia pendu- 
lum. It is pivoted to the frame, D, 
at L. It swings on the pivot at 
H, by the rotation of the cam, B, 
against the roller, C. The spring, 
K, is for adjusting the amount of 
the motion of the ball and its at- 
tached pick blade, G, for a push or 
miss of the valve spindle, F. 




\M^ 



441. PENDULUM GOVERNOR 

for a gas engine. The pendulum 
is adjusted by the distance of the 
small compensating ball to vibrate 
synchronously with the push rod at 
the required speed of the engine. 
Increased speed releases the clip, 
and a miss charge is made. 



442. DIFFERENTIAL CAM THROW, by the 
transverse motion of a rolling disc on a lever or by 
direct thrust. Much used on the valve gear of gas 

engines. The rolling disc is traversed by the governor from one cam 

to another. 





443. GOVERNOR AND VARIABLE CAM 
for a gas engine. The centrifugal movement 
of the governor balls slides the sleeve on the 
governor shaft, and also the variable cam 
sleeve, a, on the driving shaft, by the bell-crank 
lever, e. The disc roller, I?, on an arm of a rock 
shaft, rolls upon one or the other cams at r, thus 
varying the movement of the inlet valve, which 
is connected to another arm of the rock shaft. 



124 



MOTIVE POWER. 




444. INLET VALVE for gas engine. 
A valve disc slightly held in contact with 
the seat by the spring. Air holes should b^ 
drilled close together around the valve seat, 
so that combined air area shall be larger 
than the area of the gas inlet. 




445. GAS ENGINE VALVE GEAR.— 
E, Inlet valve ; F, exhaust valve. Valves 
are operated by a bent lever, with sliding 
roller H and double cam C, which bv a 
groove rides the roller alternately on to the 
cams. 



drawn 



446. GASOLINE VAPORIZER. 

— The inlet nozzle, V, is ribbed on 
the outside and is enclosed in a 
chamber through which the ex- 
haust passes. Gasoline and air 
are drawn into the nozzle regulated 
by the small valve, and additional 
air for the explosive mixture is 
by the piston through the large valve. " Capitaine " motor. 




447. CARBURETTER 
for making air gas from 
gasoline ; non-freezing. A, 
plan — a zig-zag series of 
chambers with spaces be- 
tween for air circulation to 
keep its vaporizing walls 
B, a vertical section ; r, <r, <r, open spaces. Canton or other 
flannel wrapped over wire gauze frames is pushed into the longi- 
tudinal spaces before the ends are soldered ; may be made of tinplate. 





A 


ri... 


:.:::.":::';::::■;■■■ 1 


1 1 




-J 


r 


c. 








,^ - --, 


_j 


1 6 


-.: ^ — :.iJ 



warm 



MOTIVE POWER. 



125 




448. AUTOMATIC OILER.— Much in 

use on explosive motors. Shaft r, and 
cranky, with the dip wire d^ are revolved by 
a belt dropping the oil on the wiper e^ into 
the small tanky', from which it flows to the 
cylinder. 




UNIFORM AUTOMATIC OILER.— Used 

on gas engines. The shaft, driven by a 
belt from the valve-gear shaft of the engine, 
carries two hooks and dip wires, one of 
which raises the oil from the variable level 
below to a constant level oil reservoir, from 
which the second hook and dip wire feed 
the wiper that leads the oil to the cylinder. 




450. CRANK-ROD HEAD ADJUST- 
MENT for trunk pistons. A jointed brass 
tightened by a long-armed screw. 




451. TRUNK PISTON ROD connec- 
tion for a gas engine. 




! ^^^^S^^ ^vxxxxxxxvxvxxxxvvxvvxvv- .' 



452. TRUNK PISTON ROD connec- 
tion for a gas engine. 




453. TRUNK PISTON ROD connec- 
tion for a gas engine. Most reliable form. 
Head of screw pin should be keyed. 



126 



MOTIVE POWER. 




454. CONNECTING ROD HEAD, with 
full split brasses, held by cap and through 
bolts. 




455- CONNECTING ROD END 
with set-in end block. 




456. SOLID STRAP END, for connecting 
rod. Brasses set up by a capstan screw. 




457. CONNECTING ROD END, with half 
brass and brass cap. Through bolts. 




458. STEEL BALL ADJUSTMENT for con- 
necting rod brasses. A number of steel balls are 
j^ enclosed in a chamber and compressed by a screw. 




459. SOLID END CONNECTING ROD.— Brasses 
slip in sidewise, and are locked in by the key. 




. ffi^pryi 460. FORKED END CONNECTING ROD. 

■ 'oJiEiLi ' with keys and set screws. 



MOTIVE POWER. 



127 




IV 



l^r ] J S locknut key. 



461. CONNECTING ROD END with 





M. 



'^-Lp - ' 




463. LINK OR CONNECTING 
ROD, with adjustable brasses. Keys 
inside and outside of pins. 



Section Vll. 
HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 

WATER WHEELS, TURBINES, GOVERNORS, IMPACT WHEELS, 

PUMPS, ROTARY PUMPS, SIPHONS, WATER LIFTS 

EJECTORS, WATER RAMS, METERS, INDI 

CATORS, PRESSURE REGULATORS 

VALVES, PIPE JOINTS 

FILTERS, ETC. 



HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 

"Water Wheels, Turbines, Governors, Impact Wheels, Pumps, Rotary 
Pumps, Siphons, Water Lifts, Ejectors, Water Rams, Meters, Indi- 
cators, Pressure Regulators, Valves, Pipe Joints, Filters, Etc. 




OVERSHOT WATER WHEEL, with 
steel buckets. With the gate chute im- 
pinging upon the buckets an efficiency of 
from seventy to seventy-five per cent, may 
be obtained. 



h X w 



X .70 = horse-power. 



33,000 

h, Total height of water-fall from race ; w, 
"^x weight of water falling per minute. 




465. OVERSHOT WATER WHEEL.— 
Power equals about sixty per cent, of the value 
H of the water-fall flowing over the wheel. 




466. IRON OVERSHOT 
WHEEL. — The frame and buck- 
ets are made of iron or steel. 
The lightest wheel of its kind. 
" Leffel " model. 

467. Front view. 



132 



HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 



i 




468. UNDERSHOT WATER WHEEL. — 
Power equals about forty per cent, of the value 
of the water-fall flowing under the gate. 



'^l 



/? . 




469. SAW-MILL WATER WHEEL and 

flume, h ^ Ji represents the head of water. 
The total head in feet multiplied by the weight 
of water discharged per minute equals the foot- 
pounds of power. Efficiency about sixty per 
cent. 




470. BREAST WATER WHEEL.— Power 

equals about forty per cent, of the value of 
the water-fall flowing through the gate. This 
form should have housed buckets. 




471. FLUTTER WHEEL.— Much in use to 
back the log carriage of saw-mills. Efficiency 
very low. 



HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 



^33 




472. BARKER WHEEL. — A reaction water 
wheel. The reaction of the water escaping from 
the tangential orifices at the ends of the arms 
under the pressure of the water head in the hol- 
low shaft gives impulse to the wheel. Very low 
efficiency. 




474. Section of wheel and case. 



473. CURRENT MO- 
TOR. — A propeller revolv- 
ing within a case with ex- 
panding mouth to increase 
the force of the current. 
A sprocket-wheel on the 
rear end of the propeller 
shaft with chain transmis-' 
sion to shaft on suspen- 
sion frame. 




475. CURRENT WATER WHEEL.— 
The most efficient velocity of the wheel 
periphery is forty per cent, of the current 
velocity. The horse-power is : 

Area of immersion of blades , ^, , 

X (V— S)2 

150 

V z= Velocity of the stream ; S = vel- 
ocity of periphery of wheel, — both in feet 
per second. 




476. FIXED BUCKET WATER-RAISING 
CURRENT WHEEL.— Long rectangular 
buckets are attached across the rim of the 
wheel with side openings, indicated by the 
hatched spaces. At the top the water flows 
over the side of the wheel into a truugh. 



134 



HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 




477. BUCKETED WATER-RAISING 
CURRENT WHEEL.— The buckets are 
pivoted to the outside rim of the wheel, and 
tilted into the trough at the top by a tail- 
piece on the bucket striking the trough. 




478. CURRENT WHEEL WATER. 
LIFT. — The water buckets and arms are 
troughs that carry the water to the central 
hollow shaft, from the end of which it is- 
discharged into a trough. Used for irriga 
tion and low-grade water supply. 




' 479. DRAINAGE WHEEL, used for 
draining fens and lowlands. Broad 
buckets on a power-driven wheel with a 
back or tangential slope, the wheel re- 
volving in a current shield. Such wheels^ 
at proper speed, will lift a large 
volume of water to a height of 
I nearly half their diameter. 



480. PERSIAN WHEEL.— A current- 
driven water lift ; used in Eastern countries. 
A hollow shaftj with curved arms and floats,, 
with buckets suspended at their periphery. 
The current carries the floats forward, filling: 
the buckets and at the same time dipping; 
~~ water into the curved arms. The water follows^ 

the arms in their revolution and discharges through the hollow shafts 
while the buckets are tipped at the top of the wheel into a trough. 




HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 



135 





481. ANCIENT WATER LIFT.— A series 
of earthen pots lashed to the periphery of a 
wheel revolving in a stream. The long pots 
are so inclined to the axial line of the shaft 
that they dip and fill while in the stream, and 
empty while passing the trough. 

482. " ARCHIMEDIAN " SCREW WATER 
LIFT. — A water wheel on an inclined hol- 
low shaft is driven by the current. A spirally 
wound pipe in or outside "of the shaft con- 
veys the water to an elevated trough. 



483. VOLUTE TURBINE.— The water, 
under pressure of its head, passes along the 
volute, striking the radial buckets <2, a^ a, flows 
inward and down through the central inclined 
buckets c, c. Efficiency about eighty per cent. 



484. HIGH-PRESSURE TURBINE, " Leffel '* 
model, with double draught pipe and governor. 
End thrust on shaft is balanced by central inlet 
and double draught-pipes. 
Efficiency from eighty to 
eighty-five per cent, of the 
pressure head at the turbine. 




485. "LEFFEL" DOUBLE-RUNNER TUR- 
BINE. — The upper section of the running-wheel 
discharges inward and down the centre. The 
lower section has curved blades to discharge 
downward. One register gate for both sections. 



136 



HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 




486. " JONVAL " TURBINE. — The upper 
§ inclined blades are fixed. The lower inverse 
blades form the wheel. 




487. "JONVAL" TURBINE.— ^, The case ; 

a^ the chute or directrix, fixed ; c, the wheel 
buckets. The curved buckets are set slightly 
tangent and curve downward in parabolic or 
cycloidal form. Water discharges downward. 
Efficiency from eighty to eighty-five per cent. 




1 


^3 

a Jl 





488. TURBINE AND GATE.— A downward 
flow from angular fixed guides in the water 
chamber. 




489. "LANCASTER" TURBINE, downward 

discharge. The upper parts of the blades are vertical, 
and receive water tangentially from the gate plates. 




490. " MUNSON " DOUBLE TURBINE.— 
The water discharges both upward and down- 
ward through curved guide blades, to reverse 
curves in the top and bottom wheel blades. 



HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 



137 







491. "CAMDEN" TURBINE, has two inde- 
pendent sets of buckets. The upper set is inward 
and central discharge, the lower set is curved 
backward, with tangential discharge. 



492. "MODEL" TURBINE.— The run- 
ning-wheel has a downward discharge. The 
register gates are pivoted and operated by 
arms from a sector. 






493. " SWAIN " TURBINE.— Inward and 
downward flow, with continuous curved blades. 



494. "WARREN " CENTRAL-DISCHARGE 
TURBINE. — Plan : The wheel revolves on the 
inside of a fixed directrix. Water enters from 
outside, and discharges into and beneath the 
wheel, a, Directrix ; b, wheel. 



495. "FOURNERON" TURBINE. —The 

rim of outer buckets revolves around the inner 
directrix, the water moving outward. Efficiency, 
about eighty per cent. 



496. BELT WATER-WHEEL GOVERNOR.— 

The middle pulley on the governor spindle is loose, 
the outside pulleys are tight. The action of the 
governor balls operates a belt shipper which throws 
the belt upon the upper or lower tight pulley at ab- 
normal speed. A corresponding set of tight and 
loose pulleys operate a pair of bevel gear that open 
or close the gate. 



138 



HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 



497. WATER WHEEL GOVERNOR.— The wheel 
motion drives the bevel gear at a and the hollow spindle, 
b, revolving the balls and connecting arms. The small 
central spindle has a vertical motion, due to the centrif- 
ugal force of the balls. The central spindle carries a pin 
which slides in a slot in the outer hollow spindle, which 
at abnormal speed catches one or the other pins in the 

loose bevel gears, <r, <r, which, acting on the bevel wheel and shaft, d^ 

opens or closes the gate. 





498. IMPACT WATER WHEEL, '' Leffel " pat- 
tern. Step buckets. Efficiency, eighty-live per cent. 




P ELTON WATER WHEEL. -An 

impact wheel driven by the force 
of a high-pressure water jet. 
Efficiency, eighty-five per cent, of 
the product of the height and 
weight of flowing water through 
the jet, less the friction head. 




500. BUCKETS OF A PELTON WATER 
WHEEL. — Showing the method of 
separating the jet and returning the 
parts nearly in line with the impact 
jet, thus gaining about eighty-five 
per cent, of the total power of the jet. 

501. Section of bucket. 



HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 



139 




502. POWER OF WATER.— 
iVpparatus for measuring the force 
of a water jet when discharged 
tlirough a semicircular tube or 
trough. The total force is measured 
by the weight w. 




503. POWER OF WATER.— Appara- 
tus for measuring the force of a water jet 
when turned to a right angle by a bent 
trough, a^ A spring scale. The vertical 
force is weighed on the platform scale, 
the horizontal force by the spring scale. 




504. COMPOUND BEAM PUMP- 
ING ENGINE for water works. The 
high- and low-pressure cylinders are in- 
clined, to make room for direct connec- 
tion of the pump and crank rods. 




505. "DEAN" STEAM 
PUMP. — The valve gear 
of the Duplex pump. A 
lever and rock shaft, moved 
by a spool on the connect- 
ing rod, operates the valve 
of the opposite cylinder. 



for alternating the strokes of the pistons. 



140 



HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 




506. WORTHINGTON 
DUPLEX PUMP. — Two 
rock shafts with arms moved 
by the opposite piston rod 
alternate the valve motions 
and strokes. The water pis- 
ton is of the plunger form. 




^ 



507. HALF-YOKE CONNECTION for 
pump piston rods with central crank. 

_i 508. The centre crank. 




509. YOKE CONNECTION for a continuous 
piston rod and outside crank ; crank shaft beyond 
the steam cylinder. 




510. REVERSING MOVEMENT for a 

pump valve. The piston-rod trip carries 

the ball frame beyond the level, when the 

^ ball rolls across and completes the valve 

throw. 



511. DOUBLE-ACTING LIFT AND FORCE 
PUMP. — In this form the work is the same for each 
stroke of the piston, and the pressure equal to the 
total height of lift and force. 



HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 



141 




DOUBLE-ACTING DIFFERENTIAL PUMP. 

— The lower section is of the same construction 
as the ordinary lifting pump. The upper 
section has a solid piston connected by rod to 
the lower bucket piston, and moving in an 
open cylinder projecting down from the cover, 
thus making the upper part of the pump an air 
chamber. 




513. LIFT AND FORCE PUMP.— The limit of 
lift or suction is practically twenty-five feet. The force 
may be to any desired height, according to the strength 
of working parts and applied power. Total power is 
on the up-stroke of the piston. 



514. LIFT AND FORCE PUMP, with solid 
piston. In this form the power is divided; the 
up-stroke is equal to the lift or suction, and the 
down-stroke equal to the force required for any 
height. 



515. TRAMP PUMPING DEVICE, some- 
times called the Teeter pump. A self-evident 
illustration of an obsolete practice. 



516. LIFT AND FORCE PUMP with air 
chamber. The air chamber is required for long 
lines of pipe to prevent reaction and water ham- 
mer. Water under pressure absorbs more air 
than at atmospheric pressure, often depriving the 
air chamber of its air cushion when recharging 
becomes necessary. 



142 



HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 




517. LIFT PUMP.— The limit of water lift in 
this pump is about thirty feet, but practically about 
twenty-five feet is its available working height. 




518. DOUBLE-LANTERN BELLOWS PUMP 
OR BLOWER. — A very ancient device for water 
and for a blower of air for forges. Will make a 
constant blast by using one side as a receiver, dis- 
pensing with the valves and connection on receiver 
side. 




519. DIAPHRAGM PUMP, in which a flexi- 
ble diaphragm is used instead of a piston. 




520. "FAIRBURN" BAILING SCOOP, 

for low-lift drainage or irrigation. The tilting 
scoop may be connected to a walking beam or 
directly to a vertical engine. 










PENDULUM WATER LIFT.— A double series 
of scoops with flap valves and connecting pipes. 
The swinging of the pendulum frame alternately 
immerses the lower scoops, and at the next stroke 
raises the water by its transfer to the opposite 
scoop, when the next oscillation transfers to the 
next opposite scoop, and so on. 



HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 



143 




522. CHAIN PUMP.— An old device for 
raising water, now in use in many modifica- 
tions. 




523. RECIPROCATING MOTION by tlie auto- 
^^ matic action of a fall of water. A bucket with a valve 
in the bottom, which lifts and discharges the water by 
the contact of the valve spindle with a stop at the 
bottom of the bucket run ; the weight lifting the 
bucket again to the spout. Very old. 



524. WELL PULLEY AND BUCKETS. 
Buckets are balanced empty. 




5. SWAPE, OR NEW ENGLAND SWEEP.— 
A very ancient as well as modern method of 
raising water from wells. The weighted end 
of the pole overbalances the bucket, so as to 
divide the labor of lifting the water. 




526. PARALLEL MOTION for double 
piston pump. A, The lever handle; links 
equal lengths. 



144 



HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 




527. "GOLDING ' CENTRIFUGAL 
PUMP. — Four volute blades are attached 
to the shaft by arms. To the outer case 
are attached radial blades with their edges 
nearly touching the revolving volute blades. 
Suction at centre ; discharge at sides of 
outside shells. 



528. "QUIMBY" SCREW 
PUMP. — The screws re- 
volve, meshed in each other, 
and are enclosed in a close- 
fitted case. Suction at each 
end from S, and discharge 
from the middle at D. End 
thrust is neutrahzed by the screws on each shaft being right- and left- 
handed. 

529. ROTARY PUMP, ''Holley" sys- 
tem. Similar in design to the steam engine 
No. 342, only each piston has three long 
teeth meshing into the recesses of the op- 
posite gear piston. Used in combination 
with No. 342 in the Silsby fire engine. 

530. " PAPPENHEIM " ROTARY 
PUMP. — One of the earliest rotary 
devices for raising water. Two deep 
cog-wheels with their teeth meshed and 
rotating in a close-fitted shell. 



531. "REPSOLD" ROTARY PUMP. 

— Two differential sector cylinders re- 
volving in contiguous cylindrical shells. 
The greater and smaller sector surfaces 
•match and alternately close the area be- 
tween the centres of revolution. 




HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 



145 



532-533. TRI-AXIAL 
ROTARY PUMP —A 
late French invention. The 
upper cyUnder receives the 
power and rotates the lower 
chambered cylinders 
through three spur gears. 
The wings of the upper or 
power cylinder are set fast and are the only rubbing surfaces. The 
cylindrical surfaces roll on each other with equal velocity. The ex- 
tended surface of the lower cylinders furnishes a water packing that is 
practically tight. 





534. ROTARY PUMP OR MOTOR.— 

Can be run in either direction. The shell and 
wing drum are eccentric. The wings are guided 
by projections running in a concentric groove 
in each head. 




535. "GARY" ROTARY PUMP.— A rotat- 
ing drum concentric with the outer fixed cylinder 
and a fixed heart-shaped~cam groove in which the 
sliding wings are guided. A stop, E, closes the 
suction and force side of the chamber. The form 
of the outer cylinder wall is spiral. 




536. VACUUM JET CONDENSER AND ROTARY 
PUMP. — The jet in the vacuum chamber is regulated by 
the valve. The rotary pump, being entirely immersed in 
the water below, is water-packed. 



V) 



146 



HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 




537. " RAMELLI " ROTARY PUMP.— One of 
the earliest (1588). A slotted cylinder with four 
wings eccentric to a cylindrical shell. The wings 
are pushed out by helical springs. 




538. "HEPPEL" ROTARY PUMP. — Four 
wings are jointed concentric with the cylindrical 
^ shell. A disc and shaft are set eccentric to the 
cylindrical shell. The wings are linked to the 
eccentric disc as shown, so that the wings on the 
upward stroke move faster than the wings moving 
downward on the opposite side. 




539. "EMERY" ROTARY PUMP. — Four 

wings driven by a hollow cylinder revolving eccen- 
tric to the outer shell. The inner ends of the wings 
are guided concentric with the outer shell by pins 
moving in a slot or groove in the shell heads, and 
kept in position by a toggle-joint connection. 




540. " KNOTT " ROTARY PUMP.— A hol- 
low winged cylinder within which an eccentric 
revolves on an axis central with the shell, causing 
the winged cylinder to wipe the inner surface of 
the shell. The small slotted cylinder makes a 
packing for the wing. 




541. "PATTISON" ROTARY PUMP.— A 

hollow winged cylinder in which an eccentric is 
rotated on an axis central with the outer shell. 
The piston and socket serve as a guide for the 



wmo-. 



HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 



147 




542. ''COCHRANE" ROTARY PUMP.- A 

slide pocket in the outer shell receives the piston 
wing of the inner eccentric cylinder, which swings 
in contact with the shell on its centre, 2, carried 
around by a cam crank. 




543. One of the early forms of Rotary Pumps, 
Only suitable for free flow to the pump. Will not 
lift. Obsolete. 



544. HYDRAULIC 
TRANSMISSION OF 
POWER. — A driving rotary 
pump connected by a flow 

and return pipe to a driven rotarv motor at any convenient distance. 

Has been applied to bicvcles. 





545. SIPHON and its operation. 
A, The siphon ; H, G, cocks to be 

closed when 
first filling ; B, 
air chamber 

C, water seal ; 

D, funnel. The 
air that accu- 
mulates in the 

chamber, B, by the operation of the siphon, may be discharged by 
closing cock C, opening cock D, and filling the chamber with water. 
Close D and open C, when any air below C will rise into the 
chamber, and water will take its place without stopping the running 
-of the siphon. 



148 



HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 



546. SIPHON and its operation. A, 
An air catch ; H, G, terminal cocks to be 

closed when fill- 
ing the siphon. 
Open cock at D, 
^^ and pump the 
siphon and fun- 
nel full. Close 
cocks D and F 

and open H and G, when the siphon will run until chamber at A and 
apex of siphon are choked with air Then close H, G, open D, and 
pump up again. This is very convenient for long siphons, and saves- 
carrying of water. 





547. EJECTOR OR JET PUMP, with forked sue- 
tion pipes. 




548. EJECTOR OR JET PUMP. 

A, the steam nozzle. 

B, suction pipe. 

C, the force pipe. 

A crude representation of the earlier forms of the 
ejector. 




549. AUTOMATIC WATER EJECTOR.— Cel> 

lars and swamps may be drained, where there is a 
water supply under pressure, by the use of an ejector 
which may be made automatic by a float acting upon 
the valve in the pressure pipe. 



HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 



149 




550. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER.— The valve 

is held tightly closed by the diamond-shaped post 
resting on a bell-crank clip, which is held in position 
by fusible solder, melting at about 200° Fah., at 
which temperature the solder melts and the pressure 
casts the clips loose. The star washer scatters the 
stream. 




551. HYDRAULIC RAM, the " Montgol- 
fier " idea for a fountain supplied by a water 
ram. 



552. HYDRAULIC RAM.— A, Driving 
pipe ; V, impact valve ; C, valve-bonnet 
cage and spindle ; W, force valve ; F, out- 
let to force pipe; D, air chamber; E, snift- 
ing hole, sometimes furnished with a small 
ball valve which allows air to draw in at 
each rebound of the drive-water column, and 



^^!fi^.^^^^jy^^j^A|thus to keep the air chamber supplied with 

air. 





553. "PEARSALL'S" HYDRAULIC RAM AND 
AIR COMPRESSER.— A hollow or open piston vi- 
brates in a cylinder, perforated all around with escape 
ports for egress of water. An air chamber receives the 
water, and the air which is drawn in through the ports, 
which becomes compressed. A small air motor 
drives a crank shaft and fly-wheel, which oper- 
ate the piston. By the sliding motion of the 
piston in closing the ports, water hammer is 
avoided, thus enabling the use of a ram of very 
large dimensions. 



ISO 



HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 



OJ 




554. SILENT HYDRAULIC RAM. — 
The curved reaction disc, F, serves to lift. 
the piston valve, C, quickly without shock. 
The air cushion at G stops the lift at the mo- 
ment of closure of piston valve, C. J, a stop> 
set-screw ; H, valve cage ; B, force valve ; K. 
force pipe ; I, vent hole to air cushion. 




555. DOUBLE-PISTON REACTION HYDRAULIC 
RAM. — The two pistons, B and O, are on the 
same spindle with curved reaction disc, A. G 
is a leather washer to soften the contact with 
guide yoke. The cage at D guides the lower- 
piston and serves to increase greatly the free- 
dom of water-flow from the drive pipe, thereb)r 
increasing the duty of the ram. 




556. WATER METER.—" Union " water me- 
ter model. The water passes through a rotary 
motor with equalizing gear, from which the dial 
pointers are driven by a clock train and counter. 




557. DISC WATER METER, "Hersey" 
model. The disc piston, A, oscillates by the- 
passage of water through the disc chamber. 
The spindle of the disc, by its oscillating 
movement, rotates the crank and gears of the 
index-wheel train. 



HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 



i;i 




558. WATER METER," Thompson" 

model. A swinging disc movement on 

ball socket, operated by a flow of water, 

rotates a vertical crank spindle 

and gear train with index hand 

above the dial. 




559. WATER -VELOCITY INDICA- 
TOR AND REGISTER.— Variations in 
velocity of a stream varies the position of 
the float, which is registered on a traverse 
card by a pencil. i 



560. ANCHORED FERRYBOAT.— One 

of the few methods of crossing a stream by 

^'fflfl^^^^'riir^H the action of the current. 




561. "MUELLER" WATER PRESSURE 
REGULATOR, for reducing a high-pressure works 
to any required pressure in the service pipe. A 
spindle with one disc valve, two cupped leather 
piston valves, and a regulating spring. The high 
pressure in the house service pipe is relieved by the 
closure of the inlet valve, due to the differential 
area of the piston valves. When water is being 
drawn, the valve opens wide by the relief from 
pressure at the upper piston valve. 



152 



HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 



562. ''MASON" WATER PRESSURE REG- 
ULATOR. — Over-pressure on the low-pressure 
side depresses a diaphragm and draws the valve 
to its seat. Adjustment for difference of pressure 
is made by compressing or releasing the spring 
pressure under the elastic diaphragm, by the screw 
and nut at the bottom. 




563. PUMP WATER PRESSURE 
REGULATING VALVE.— A balanced 
piston valve, with a differential balance by 
spring or lever and weight, is placed on 
the steam pipe to a pump. The opening 
beneath the lower piston is connected to 
the water discharge pipe of the pump. 
Over-pressure raises the disc and shuts off 
steam. 




564. HYDRAULIC PRESS, with screw 
adjustment of upper platen. The closing 
down of the upper platen is quickly done by 
the screw, when a small movement of the hy- 
draulic piston is required for the pressure. 




565. HYDROSTATIC PRESS.— There are 
many modifications of this principle for presses 
and elevator lifts. The gross pressure of the 
ram is as the areas of the ram and pump pistons 
multiplied by the pounds pressure on the pump 
piston. 



HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 



153 



566. HYDRAULIC INTENSIFIER. — High 

pressure obtained from low pressure by differential 
pistons. A, Low-pressure cylinder ; D, high-pressure 
cylinder and plunger. 



— ♦•^"""T^^ 




566 a. PORTABLE HYDRAULIC RIVETER. 

— An inverted hydraulic ram is operated by 
the small pump and lever attached to the top 
of the ram. The return stroke is made by 
the small reverse ram at the rear of the driv- 
ing ram. 




567. HYDRAULIC RAIL BENDER. 

— The plunger is moved with great force 
by the pressure from a small piston 
plunger operated by a hand lever, on the 
same principle as with the hydraulic 
jack. It is suspended by the eyes, and 
can be used for straightening or bending 
rails on the track. 




568. HYDRAULIC RAIL PUNCH, 

constructed in the same line as the rail 
bender and hydraulic press. The l3ops 
are for suspending and to allow the 
punch to be easily handled in any /K)si- 
tion. 



154 



HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 



569. HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR LIFT with mul- 
tiplying cable gear. The cable is carried under and 
over cross-head sheaves on each side to equalize the 
pressure on both sides of the plunger. 





570. HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR LIFT with pul- 
ley sheaves central over plunger. 



HORIZONTAL HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR 
LIFT, with central-plunger pulley. Cable 
winds on small pulley on drum shaft. For 
light lift. 



572. HYDRAULIC PULLING JACK. 

— The lever operates a 

^ — ^ small pump which forces 

.,ffLW_L^;~-^ water to the upper side of 

the piston and draws the 

piston rod and ring. The small screw and handle is the relief valve 

to return the water below or to the opposite side of piston for return. 





573. WATER PURIFYING FILTER, 

" N. Y. Filter Mfg. Co." pattern. A diaphragm 
near the bottom holds the gravel and sand 
filtering material. There is a shaft through the 
middle of the tank, with arms for stirring the 
sand while cleaning by a back-waterflow. The 
water is fed at the top with a small portion of 
alum at the rate of one pound to 7,000 gallons 
of water. The small tank at the top is the 
alum dissolver with the regulating valves. 



HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 



155 




REVERSIBLE FILTER.— The position 
of the fiher in the cut is for filter- 
ing downward. By turning it over 
on the trunnions it can be cleaned 
from above downward, which 
clears it of all sediment. The in- 
flow is from above and the waste 
is through the trunnions to the 



n'~ 



sewer while cleaning. 




575. FILTERING CIS- 
TERN, plan. 

576. Section. The pump pipe 
extends to the bottom of the 
cistern and across, with lateral 
branches. The pipes on the bot- 
tom to be perforated with one- 
sixteenth inch holes, enough to give a free flow of water to the pumps. 
Cover the pipes with sifted gravel larger than the holes in the pipes 
to a depth of six inches, then a layer of sharp, clean sand six inches 
thick, a layer of charcoal four inches thick, and a final layer of sand 
six inches thick. 



tion of 
578. 



wihch 
Cross 



577. FILTERING CIS- 
TERN. — The rain-water is 
caught in a flat filter basin with 
gravel and sand spread on a 
perforated floor and drained 
into the cistern. The pump 
pipe is fixed to the perforated 
diaphragm of a two-chambered 
metal cylinder, the upper sec- 
may be filled with a bed of sand and charcoal in layers. 

-section of basin. 




'S6 



HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 





579. UPWARD- 
FLOW FILTER.— 
A perforated floor is 
made of any desired 
filtering capacity and 
charged with layers of 
gravel, coarse and fine sand, with an inflow and overflow, as in the 
cut. A wash-out outlet should be made in the bottom of the lower 

compartment. 

580. DOMESTIC FILTER.— To make a filter 

with a wine barrel, procure a piece of fine brass 

wire cloth of a size sufficient to make a partition 

across the barrel. Support this wire cloth with a 

coarser wire cloth under it and also a light frame 

of oak, to keep the wire cloth from sagging. Fill 

in upon the wire cloth about three inches in depth 

of clear, sharp sand, then two inches of charcoal 

broken finely, but no dust. Then on the charcoal a layer of three 

inches of clear, sharp sand, rather finer than the first layer. All the 

sand should be washed clean before charging the filter. 

581. DOMESTIC FILTER.— Use two stone pots 
or jars, the bottom one being a water jar with side 
hole ; if no faucet can be used, the top jar can be 
removed to enable the water to be dipped out. The top 
jar must have a hole drilled or broken in the bottom, 
and a small flower-pot saucer inverted over the hole. 
Then fill in a layer of sharp, clean sand, rather coarse. 
.:=. A layer of finer sand, a layer of pulverized charcoal 
with dust blown out, then a layer of sand, the whole occupying one- 
third of the jar. 

582. POROUS WATER FILTER.— The invert- 
ed cup on the inside of the case may be made of 
potters' clay, baked ; or turned out of porous stone. 
Fibre, enclosed within perforated sheet metal wails, 
<^ or wire gauze also makes good filtering material. 





HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 



157 




583. STONEWARE FILTER for household use. 
The lower jar for storage of filtered water. The 
upper jar has a hole filled with sponge that filters 
the dirt out ; beneath, a bed of charcoal on a porous 
stone or earthen plate. 



584. "WARD" FLEXIBLE PIPE 
JOINT. — The internal surface of the hub 
is made spherical. The corrugated pipe 
end is inserted and the space filled with 
lead and calked. 




585. FLEXIBLE BALL JOINT. — Flanges 
are cast upon the spherical ends of the pipes. 
The joint is packed with a lead ring and drawn 
together with bolts at any angle within its limit. 




586. FLEXIBLE PIPE JOINTS, for 

submarine pipe lines. The head joint is 
first made up in the gland. The flange 
joint is bolted when the pipe is laid in line 
ready for lowering. 



587. FLEXIBLE PIPE JOINT, in which 
the lead joint is made between a divided 
socket, which does not require the pouring of 
melted lead ; a lead ring is used. 



iS8 



HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 




588. FLEXIBLE PIPE JOINT.— The ball end, 
A, of a pipe is ground to a tight fit in the socket, B, 
of another pipe and held in place by a bolted flange. 




589. UNIVERSAL PIPE JOINT.— The flanges 
are faced at 45° to the line of the pipe, with a 
through bolt at right angles to the faces of the flanges. 
The joint may be made at any angle up to 90°. 




590. TOGGLE CLIP PIPE JOINT. 

quick connecting joint for hose. 



— A 




591. BIBB, with crank-moved valve open- 
ing against the pressure. 




592. DISC VALVE AND 
GUARD. — The spherical guard 
is perforated to give quick relief 
to the movement of the elastic 
disc. 




593. DOUBLE BEAT DISC VALVE.— The 

central seat is borne by the cross bar in which 
the guide pin of the valve is set. 



HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 



159 




594. HYDRAULIC VALVE, used on 
elevators. Cylindrical in form, the valves 
move across the ports by a rock shaft and 
arms. 

A, pressure chamber. B, C, to elevator 
cylinder. 




595. MULTIPLE BALL VALVE.— The cone- 
valve seat is in two parts ; the cover or cage is held 
in place by the screw in the cap. 




596. MULTIPLE RING VALVE, for 



^ enlarged valve area with small lift. 




597. DOUBLE-BEAT PUMP VALVE, Cor- 

I nish model. The upper seat is supported by a 

I cross-bar, in which is fixed the guide-pin that 
^ carries the valve. 




598. DOUBLE-BEAT PUMP VALVE or 
relief valve. — The valve spindle may be 
loaded by weight or spring. 



^s^^l^'^^^^^^^ 



i6o 



HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 




599. VIBRATING MOTION of a trough 
discharging water alternately in two direc- 
tions. The trough is balanced below its 
centre of gravity, and has a partition at the 
middle. The water falls on one side of the 
partition until the trough is overbalanced, 
when it turns and discharges the water. The 

partition is thrown over and the other end of the trough is then filled. 

A crude form of water meter. 



600. VARIABLE COMPENSATING WEIGHTS 

for a hydraulic lift. The weights are picked up one 
after the other. 




601. SAND AUGER. — Used on the inside of deep well 
pipes with open bottom. 




602. DRIVEN WELL.— A clamp strongly 
bolted to the well pipe on which the weight 
strikes to drive the tube. A clamp and two 
sheaves are bolted at the top of the tube with 
ropes rove through the sheave blocks and made 
fast to the weight for raising it. The weight is 
hollow, and rides loosely over the tube. The 
clamps are raised as additional pipes are screwed 
to the well pipe. 



HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 



i6i 




603. AUTOMATIC FLUSH SEWER 
TANK, " Miller" model. In this form the 
siphon is inverted, holding the water seal to 
balance the water head in the tank in the 
uptake of the siphon. The cap over the 
long end of the siphon is to seal the air in 
the siphon until the sewage pressure is 
equal to the water-balanced leg. 




604. AUTOMATIC FLUSH SEWER 
TANK, " Van Vraken " model. The inverted 
siphon opens into a tipple pan which seals 
the outlet of the siphon until the sewage in 
the tank reaches the level of the bend, when 
a general discharge takes place. 



605. ATOMIZER.— A small stream 
running down an incline is atomized at 
the nozzle by a blast of air. 




606. BALL AND JET NOZZLE.— The ball is held 
in contact with the jet by the adhesion of the water to 
the rolling surface. The ball should be very light. The 
principle is the same for an air jet, only that a very light 
ball must be used. With the low ball in the conical 
nozzle the ball can lift no higher than to give vent to the 
water or air under the same area as the neck of the 
nozzle. 



II 



l62 



HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 





607. SPRAY JET NOZZLE.— The spi- 
wings on the central cone set the 
water into a whirl, and induce a spray by- 
centrifugal action. 



608. HERO'S FOUNTAIN.— The water in 
the upper basin exerts a pressure upon the air in 
the lower receptacle, which is transferred to the 
surface of the water in the middle basin and 
forces it up in the jet. Many beautiful modifica- 
tions of this principle are shown in modern de- 
vices. 




609. " CHAPMAN " ASPIRATOR or 
vacuum pump. A water ejector in which the 
propelling power may be derived from a faucet 
of any town water-works, or a tank having a 
head of seventeen feet, equal to one-half the 
static water-head of a vacuum. Water enters 
at the conical end. There is an elastic check 
valve in the branch tube or vacuum connection. 
It will produce a vacuum equal to the baromet- 
ric height, less the height due to the tension of 
the vapor of water. 



610. HYDRAULIC LIFT for a crane 
or elevator. Section showing cylinder 
plunger and sheaves. 



611. Plan, showing position of valve 
chamber and valve lever in three directions 
for stop, start, and reverse. The side rod 
limits the extreme movement of the plunger 
by automatically operating the valve lever. 



Section VIII. 
AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 

WINDMILLS, BELLOWS, BLOWERS, AIR COMPRESSORS, COM- 
PRESSED AIR TOOLS. MOTORS, AIR WATER 
LIFTS, BLOWPIPES, ETC. 



AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 



"Windmills, Bellows, Blowers, Air Compressors, Compressed Air Tools, 
Motors, Air Water Lifts, Blowpipes, Etc. 

6x2. ANEROID BAROMETER.— 
A pair of corrugated 
discs are put together 
to form a sealed vac- 
uum chamber. The 
lower disc is fixed 
to the barometer 
frame, while the other 
disc is movable by the 

difference in air pressure, and, through a gear to increase the motion. 

moves the index hand on the graduated dial. 

612 a. Corrugated disc and gear. 



613. BOX KITE.— A light frame of 
pine, spruce, or bamboo is braced as shown 
in the cut. Fine, light cambric is stretched 
over each end, all in proportion to the 
figures in the cut. The bridle is attached 
one-quarter of the length of the box from 
the front on the bottom frame. 







^^^: 



f^ V 




614. CURVED VANE WINDMILL OR MOTOR. 

— The wind pressure is greater against the hollow 
side of the curved blades than against the other side. 
Hence the motor motes. 



615 FEATHERING WINDMILL.— The light 
I jointed blades are forced out when their edge catches 
1 the wind, and the mill goes. 



i66 



AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 



^^Qs^~(^. 




6i6. HEMISPHERICAL CUP WINDMILL.— 

The pressure of the wind is greater against the hol- 
low side of the cups than against the spherical side, 
and the mill rotates. Also used for anemometers.. 




617. WINDMILL OF OUR GRAND- 
FATHERS, with reefing sails. A few still in 
use in the United States. 



618. WINDMILL AND STEEL TOWER.— 
Mill with a single series of blades. The tail-piece 
is pivoted to the mill-head, and is swung around ta 
turn the face of the mill from the wind by a governor. 



619. MODERN WINDMILL.— Two 

series of concentric blades fastened to the 
purlines of a braced radial frame. The 
blades are fixed at an angle of about 35 =^ to 
the plane of the wheel. A peculiarly con- 
structed mechanism turns the wheel edge- 
wise to the wind to stop it, or to regulate 
its position in a high wind. 



AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 



167 




620. ANCIENT WINDMILL and gear- 
ing for a two-stone flour mill. The windmill 
is turned toward the wind by a small wind- 
mill at right angles on the tail frame, with 
pinions and shaft connecting with a circular 
rack around the revolving dome. These mills, 
used for grinding grain, are the principal 
source of power in Eastern countries. 



621. ELECTRIC WIND^ 
MILL PLANT, "Corcoran" 
model. The windmill-driven 
dynamo charges a storage bat- 
tery, which has an automatic 
cut-out when the mill runs too 
fast or too slow. The mill has 
also a regulator throwing it out 
of the direct course of the 
wind when running too fast, or 
for stopping the mill. 



i68 



AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 




622. SMITH'S CIRCULAR BELLOWS, in 
two parts for uniform blast. 




623. DOUBLE ORGAN BLOWING 
BELLOWS. — The upper section equalizes 
the air pressure from the alternating blower 
sections. 




624. THREE-THROW BELLOWS.— Operated 
by a crank, and gives constant blast without an 
equalizer. 




625. FOOT BELLOWS, for a blowpipe. A 
spring raises the top of the bellows. The rubber 
bag is confined to the netting to prevent burst- 
ing. The step at the left is for the foot. 




626. FAN BLOWER.— An ordinary model 



as used for blowing: forgre fires 



■hv^'\ 



^W 




HODGES " COMPOUND BLOWER.— 

The action is a triple effect. The air is 
drawn in at each side of the blower and 
thrown out at increasing pressure succes- 
sively by the fans on each side, and returned 
successively by the stationary partitions, 
with a final discharge at the central annu- 
lar chamber. 



AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 



169 




628. " WEDDING " ROTARY BLOWER.— 
A swinging winged cylinder moving in contact 
^^ with an outer shell. The wing rides in a slot 
in the shell with a cavity to give it freedom of 
motion. The central cylinder is driven by a 
crank-pin or eccentric on a shaft central with the 
shell 




629. "FABRY" ROTARY BLOWER. 

— Two wheels of three teeth each ro- 
tate in a two-part cylindrical case. The 
teeth on and near the line joining the axis 
mesh alternately for a part of a revolu- 
tion, so as to make a continuous clos- 
ure to the passage of air between the 
wheels. 




630. ''ROOT ' ROTARY BLOWER. 
An early form. Has been also used 
as a pump. 




63 r. "ROOT" ROTARY BLOWER. 

— Present design. The extended sur- 
face of the periphery of the wheels al- 
— lows them to run loosely in the shell 
without friction, and with very small 
loss by air leakage. 



170 



AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 



632. HYDRAULIC AIR COM- 
PRESSOR. — A reciprocating piston in 
the water cylinder, G, produces an oscil- 
lating motion in the water of the two ver- 
tical cylinders, drawing in air through 
the flap valves at the side, 
and discharging the com- 
pressed air through the valves 
at the top. The water pipes, 
t, /, t, are to supply the place of water ejected through the air valve 
by delivering all the air compressed at each stroke of the piston. 





633. PISTON HYDRAULIC 
AIR COMPRESSOR/'Dubois& 
Francois " model. Water was con- 
stantly injected into the cylinder 
to cool the air, the excess being 
discharged through the air valves. 
An early type. 




634. TROMPE OR HYDRAULIC 
AIR BLAST.— One of the early devices 
for furnishing an air blast to a forge. 
The falling column of water draws in air 
through the small inclined orifices at d, 
carrying it into the reservoir e, where it 
separates, and is discharged through the 
tuyere pipe at b. The outlet at / dis- 
charges the water through an inverted 
siphon, carried high enough to balance 
the air pressure. 




635. AIR COMPRES- 
SOR. — Elevation of duplex 
type, showing connecting 
rod and yoke frame. 



^ — "Clayton'' model. 



AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 



171 




.^^ 



p.l. 






Tail Bace 
Water Level 



'^l 






^^ 



636. HYDRAULIC AIR COMPRESS- 
OR, "Taylor" system. The principles of 
the old Trompe blower extended for higli 
pressures. A number of air tubes, r, r, 
terminate at the conical entrance 
of the down-flow pipe, B, at a, a. 
A supply of water to the cham- 
ber A, A, and its flow down the 
pipe, draws air through the 
small pipes, carrying it down to 
the separating tank, c^ c, where it 
is liberated at the pressure due 
to the hydrostatic head. The air 
is delivered through a pipe, as 
shown in the cut, and the water 
rises through a pipe to the tail 
race. 




637. AIR COM- 
PRESSOR.— Pat- 
tern of the " Inger- 
soll-Sergeant Drill 
Co." Operated by a 
Pelton wheel. Ver- 
tical section. 

638. Plan. 



"C3^ 




639. AUTOMATIC AIR COMPRES- 
SOR, "Bennet" model. 
Showing the valve gear of 
a simple lever connected 
by link to the eccentric. 



172 



AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 



18, n.tcTim PIPS 




640. WATER JET AIR COMPRESSOR. 
— A jet of water from a nozzle falling through 
the tube C draws in air through a side tube 
and forces it into the air chamber, where the 
water and air separate under pressure. The 
water is siphoned off through the water seal at 
a height due to the required pressure and the 
force of the jet. 



641. AIR COMPRESSOR.— Driven by a Corliss engine, direct 
connected. 




642. AIR COMPRESSOR, 

" Norwalk " pattern. A steam 
operated tandem compound 
with an intercooler. 




643. TRUNK AIR COMPRESSOR.— 
Mounted on receiver. Single-acting, belt driven. 
A very compact model. 



AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 



173 




644. DUPLEX STEAM ACTUATED AIR COMPRESSOR. 

" Ingersoll-Sergeant " model. The air cylinders are tandem to each 
steam cylinder with steam and air governors. 

645. Elevation. 



646. COMPOUND AIR COMPRESSOR.— Air is drawn in 
through the ports A, passes through the annular valve in the large 




piston, and is forced through the valve D and pipe to the high-pressure 
inlet valve G; it is further compressed and delivered through the valve 
A', and passage L; Both pistons are single, acting in opposite directions. 



174 



AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 




\roScser 



647. DUPLEX 
AIR COMPRES- 
SOR, with parallel 
motion beams to 
two single-acting aii 
cylinders from a. 
double-acting steam 
cylinder. " N. Y. 
Air Brake " model. 




648. TOGGLE-JOINT DUPLEX AIR 
COMPRESSOR.— The crank moves the 
common joint of the long arms in a hori- 
zontal direction on a slide. The straighten- 
ing of the toggle greatly increases the power 
N of the pistons during the terminal part of 
'^ their stroke, when the air pressure is greatest. 




649. AIR COMPRES- 
SOR CYLINDER, PIS- 
TON AND VALVES.— 

Pattern of the " Ingersoll, 
Sergeant Drill Co." Takes 
its air through a hollow pis- 
ton rod at E to the interior 
of the piston. The annular valves, G, G, open and close by their 
momentum. H, H, discharge valves closed by springs ; J, J, water 
jacket. 

AIR COMPRESSING CYLIN- 
DER, with vertical lift valves, 
water- jacketed cylinder and 
heads. "Ingersoll-Sergeant" 
model. 




AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 



175 




651. AIR COMPRESSOR GOVERNOR.— 
Controlling the speed by the ordinary action of 
the governor balls, and also reducing the com- 
pressor to minimum speed when the air pressure 
becomes excessive. The ball and lever at the 
right are lifted by the air pressure in the small 
piston, and force the valve rod and throttle down 
to give the smallest motion to the compressor. 
" Clayton " model. 



for cooling the 



652. AIR COOLING RECEIVER 

air from a compressor. A series of tubes between headers 
with water circulation cools the air and condenses the 
excess of moisture. • " Ingersoll-Sergeant " model 



V==:V 




653. SINGLE VALVE AIR PUMP.— The 
upper part of the cylinder is perforated, so that 
the piston when drawn up produces a partial vac- 
uum, ai^id when past the perforation the air or 
gas rushes in to fill the cylinder. The one valve 
holds the pressure in the delivery pipe. 



^^ 



^ 654. CRANK EQUALIZING ANGLE in air com- 

vl5 pression. Cylinders are set at 90° . Smgle crank or 
cranks set in one direction. "Frick" and many others 



/^' 




FnrvcJX 



y C^^X. go' 



*• 



176 



AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 









^T e avy 




655. CRANK EQUALIZING AN- 
GLE in air compression. The cylin- 
ders are set at an angle of 90° and two 
cranks are set at 30° . " Burleigh," 
early " Ingersoll," and " De Lavergne ' 
system. 







656. CRANK EQUALIZ- 
ING ANGLE in air com. 
pression. The cylinders are 
set at an angle of 135° . 
" Davies " system in England. 






V 




657. CRANK EQUALIZING AN- 
GLE in air compression. Used to 
equalize the mean pressure of the 
steam and air pistons. The cylinders 
are set at an angle of 45° . " Waring" 
and " Rand " system. 




, ; - -, IVATCe SUPPLY 



658. DIRECT AIR PRESSURE 
PUMP. — Two chambers for jilternating 
the pumping action are placed near the 
water surface in a well or other water 
supply. The chambers have suction and 
force valves. A four-way switch cock 
near the air pump alternates the flow of 
compressed air to and from the pump, 
thus alternating the suction and force 
from the tanks. 



AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 



177 





659. COMPRESSED AIR WATER 
ELEVATOR.— A tank is submerged 
in which there is a pivoted float that, 
by its raising and falling, operates a 
double-ported air valve for filling the 
tank, by discharging the air, and for dis- 
charging the water by the admission of 
compressed air. A single-flap valve 
at the bottom of the tank admits the 
water. The valve is thrown only at 
the top and bottom of the float stroke. 

660. RAISING SUNKEN VESSELS 
by compressed air. Casks 
or bags fastened to the 
sides or placed inside of a 
vessel, and inflated wick 
air under pressure, are 
used for raising sunken 
vessels. 



if^W^btM)(H>{H) (g^ (Hi> (B) (Bi O) 





661. COMPRESSED AIR LIFT 
SYSTEM of pump- 
ing water from 
deep wells. The 
pressure in the air 
pipe must be great- 
er than the hydrostatic pressure of the water at the 
bottom of the pipe, and in quantities sufficient to 
make the ascending column of air and water in 
the flow pipe lighter in its total height than the 
weight of an equal column of solid water of the 
depth of the well from the surface of the water 
to the bottom of the pipe. 



12 



178 



AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 



c 



Comp'-ei'Sed Air 

4. O o V\j s> 




662. COMPRESSED AIR POWER for automobile trucks. 
Compressed air at about 4,000 lbs. per square inch is stored in steel 
bottles. Reheated in a coil over a burner under reduced pressure, 
and made a power factor in a compound engine. Controlled by link 
valve gear and a reducing pressure valve. 



663. COMPOUND PNEUMATIC LOCOMOTIVE, " Baldwin " 
type. Two high-pressure air receivers. An intermediate pressure 
receiver fed automatically from which the high-pressure cylinders are 

operated. The 
low-pressure cyl- 
inders receive the 
exhaust from the 
high-pressure cyl- 
inders, and ex- 
haust at almost 
atmospheric pres- 
sure. 





664. LOCOMOTIVE AIR BRAKE.— i, 

C Air cylinder ; 3, reducing valve. The piston 
/ ; .:, is directly connected by links to the cam sec- 
ZID tors, which press the brake shoes. 



AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 



179 



665. PNEUMATIC CAR SEAT CLEANER.— 

Compressed air is ejected 
against the point of the 
inverted cone, which in- 
duces a strong current of 
air upward and from 
under the bottom of the 

inverted funnel, drawing the dust from the fabric and projecting it 

through a hose out of the windows. 





666. AIR SPRAY NOZZLE for dusting 
with compressed air. A broad, thin nozzle 
from which a blast of compressed air pene- 
trates fabrics, clearing them of dust. A good 
cleaner of plain and carved woodwork. 



667. 



PNEUMATIC PAINT SPRAYER.— An ejector nozzle 

for compressed air, with a 
side feed for the paint. An 
inverted conical nose-piece is 
flattened to a thin opening to 
project the spray paint in a 
thin sheet. 





668. PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER.— 

The tank is nearly filled with a saturated solution of 
carbonate of soda and water. The glass cup is filled 
with acid and sealed by the cap. To use it, turn 
the tank quickly, top down, when the ball falls and 
breaks the acid cup, producing pressure by the libera- 
tion of gas. 



i8o 



AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 





669. FIRE EXTINGUISHER.— The tank 
is filled with a saturated solution of bicarbo- 
nate of soda in water to five-sixths of its capac- 
ity. A small glass bottle filled with sulphuric 
acid, with a loose lead stopper, is placed in a 
cage at the top of the tank, and the cover of 
the tank fastened. To use, turn the tank over, 
which spills the acid, generating pressure by lib- 
erating carbonic acid gas. 




670. COMPRESSED AIR LIFT^, " Clayton '^ 
model. Showing safety stop on the piston rod, 
which automatically stops the lift at any set point 
by closing the air valve. 




cylinder, C, on the tool socket, H. 
by the differential piston areas, 
this operation. 



DUPLEX PNEUMATIC RIVETER. 

— The striking piston, A, is en- 
cased in a striking cylinder, C, 
^hat the tool, T, receives a 
blow alternately from the ham- 
mer piston, A, and from the 
The method of operation is shown 
The hand is relieved from jar by 



AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 



i8i 





672. PNEUMATIC HAM- 
MER. — Constructed on simi- 
lar lines with No. 673, with 
the addition of a counter- 
balance piston, C, which, by- 
its reaction and cushion, re- 
lieves the body of the tool and the hand from excessive jar. 

673. PNEUMATIC HAMMER.— F is the flexible hose con- 
nection. When T is pressed, compressed air enters through the 

piston valve and ports 
To, into the cylinder, as 
indicated by the arrows in 
the cut. The piston will 
first move to the top. The 
effective pressure is that 
due to the area of the pis- 
ton. When P has given 
the blow, exhaust takes 
place through S and E, and 
the piston P is brought back by means of the pressure in the 
annular space B, acting only on the collar at D. 

674. '-HOTCHKISS" ATMOSPHERIC 
HAMMER. — The hammer-head, A, is connected 
directly with the piston within the vibrating cylin- 
der, by a piston rod. The cylinder is connected to 
the crank by an outside rod, vibrating vertically 
by the motion of the crank, which also carries the 
piston and hammer with a cushioned stroke, due 
to compression of the air within the cylinder. 

675. " GRIMSHAW " COMPRESSED AIR 
HAMMER. — A belt-driven air compressor, D, 
furnishes compressed air to drive the piston, A, 
and haipmer. A variable friction pulley on the 
belt shaft, E, regulates the stroke of the hammer 
by varying the admission of compressed air to 
either side of the piston. The friction-valve 
driving pulley slides on the feathered shaft by the action of the foot lever. 





l82 



AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 




COMPRESSED AIR SHEEP- 
SHEARING MACHINE.— A 
small piston vibrates and oper- 
ates the cutters through a lever 
with a diagonal slot in which a 
pin in the piston-rod head slides. 
An arm on the piston rod oper- 
ates the valves. 




677. PORTABLE RIVETER, "Allen'' 
model. The toggle joint is pivoted to a cam 
and also within the trunk piston. By the 
differential trunk form, the return stroke econ- 
omizes the compressed air, the large piston 
^=* area giving great power to the riveting stroke. 




678. PNEUMATIC PORTABLE RIVETER.— 
Direct piston and toggle-joint motion to the levers. 
The machine is balanced on a forked suspender. The 

piston draws the toggle joint in by air 

pressure. 




679. PNEUMATIC BREAST DRILL.— 

A rotary air motor is fixed to the drill- 
spindle, in a case to which the handles 
and breast-plate are attached. Com- 
pressed air enters through the handle 
with the valve lever and is exhausted 
through the opposite handle. 



AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 



183 




are shown 
No. 681. 



680-681. PNEUMATIC MOTOR DRILL 
STOCK. — Compressed air enters through 
one of the handles with its flow controlled 
by a lever and valve. The 
exhaust enters the case from 
the port in the oscillating cyl- 
inder trunnions. The three 
double-acting pistons are di- 
rectly connected to cranks and 
pinions which mesh with an 
internal spur gear, which is fast 
to the outer shell. The spider 
which carries the cylinders and 
pinions is fast on the central 
spindle and revolves with it. 
The inlet and exhaust ports 
section of the top trunnion at A, 



horizontal 




682. Is the vertical section, 
showing the compressed air 
valve and port passages open- 
ing into a cavity in the central 
spindle and to the trunnion 
ports. 




683-684. PNEUMATIC MOTOR DRILL STOCK. 
— A horizontal rotary motor, over the centre of 
the spindle, carries on one end of its shaft a 
bevel pinion, which drives a bevel gear attached 

by the lower section of the 
case to the drill spindle. 
The inlet and exhaust ports 
and valve are shown in the 
vertical section, No. 684. 




i84 



AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 




685-686. PNEUMATIC MOTOR DRILL 
STOCK, operated by four pis- 
tons in two cylinders, double- 
acting. The piston rods have 
a jointed connection to cam 
cranks on the pinion shafts. 
The piston valves are oper- 
ated by levers pivoted to op- 
posite piston rods, as shown in 
the horizontal section. No. 686. 
The pistons act alternately in 
the cylinders so that there is 
no dead centre. The large 
spur wheel is attached to the 
spindle and revolves with it. 

687. Vertical section. 




688. AIR AND GASOLINE TORCH.— Air 

is pumped into the tank with the gasoline, and 
forms a saturated air and vapor gas, which is carried to 
the Bunsep. burner through the vertical pipe. The addi- 
tional air for combustion is regulated at the burner, and 
the vapor at the valve in the pipe near the tank. A 
gauge shows the pressure. 




689. TORCH SOLDERING 
COPPER.— The conical tip is 
made of copper, and slips on 
to the nozzle of a plumber's 
gasoline torch. Used largely 
for electric wire connections. 



AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 



185 




690. AIR AND GASOLINE VAPOR BRA- 
ZER, double flame. The pressure of vapor to 
the Bunsen burners is regulated by a valve near 
the top of the tank. The valve handles hanging 
from the stems regulate each burner. 




Spi^^" 



691. AIR AND GASOLINE BRAZING 
APPARATUS.— A small attached pump 
forces air into a tank holding a small quan- 
tity of gasoline. A gauge show^s the air 
pressure. From the top of the tank a pipe 
extends to two oppositely placed Bunsen burners 
with valves for regulating the flame. Swivels in 
the pipe allow the burners to be adjusted to the 
proper distance from the piece to be brazed. Fire- 
brick flame plate. 




692. DOUBLE CONE VENTILATOR.— 
The up-take enters between the cones. The 
smoke has its exit around the edge of the lee- 
ward cone. 




693. SPIRAL VANE QR COWL, for a chimney top. 
The wind catching in the wings causes it to revolve and 
increase the draught. 



i86 



AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 




694. WIND INSTRUMENTS. 

695. a, a\ bassoons. 

696. b, cors Anglais. 

697. c^ oboe, or hautbois. 

698. d^ clarionet. 

699. e^ flute. 

700. y", octave, or piccolo. 

701. ^, musette. 

702. /?, flageolet. 



Section IX. 
ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 

GENERATORS, MOTORS, WIRING, CONTROLLING AND MEAS- 
URING, LIGHTING, ELECTRIC FURNACES, FANS, 
SEARCHLIGHT, AND ELECTRIC 
APPLIANCES. 



ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 

Generators, Motors, Wiring, Controlling and Measuring, Lighting. 
Electric Furnaces, Fans, Searchlights and 
Electric Appliances. 




703. SERIES WOUND MOTOR 
OR GENERATOR.— A motor if the 
current is supplied through the wires P 
and N, and a generator if the armature 
is rotated, wlien the current can be taken 
from the wires P and N 




704. ELECTRIC GENERATOR CONSTRUC- 
TION. — Series winding in which the armature, field 
winding, and external circuit are in series or one contin- 
uous line. Best for arc lighting. A, armature ; C, com- 
mutator ; b and b' brushes ; the coil showing the field 
wdnding. 




705. SINGLE-POLE SHUNT GENERATOR, 
showing the shunt-winding connec- 
tion with the brushes and branch 
wiring to a rheostat controller. The 
heavy lines are the main current 
with a switch. 




706. ELECTRIC GENERATOR CONSTRUCTION. 

— Shu nt winding, in which the field winding is in parallel 
with t he arm ature winding and connected with the circuit 
at the brush holders. A, Armature; C, commutator; b 
and b\ brushes ; a, c, field connections ; S, field winding. 



I9C 



ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 



707. FOUR-POLE RING ARMATURE, 
showing intermediate connections with the 
commutator bars from a continuous winding 
or closed coil. 




708. RING ARMATURE.— 

I^V/ Method of continuous 

winding and sectional 
connections with the 
commutator. The dot- 
ted linss are the circuit 
connection with the 
brushes. 




709. TWO-POLE OR SHUTTLE-SPOOL 
ARMATURE. — Section of spool with end over 
winding ; usually made of cast iron. 




71Q. SHUTTLE ARM ATURE, made 

with soft sheet-iron plates riveted to- 
gether. The strongest current armature 
for small two-pole generators. 




711. MULTIPLE BRUSH COM- 
MUTATOR.— The brushes are adjust- 
able on the pivots of the handle bar, and 
are given an even pressure on the com- 
mutator by springs. 

712. Front view. 



ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 



191 




713. BIPOLAR SHUNT GEN- 
ERATOR, showing the shunt wind- 
ing on both fields and its connection 
to the brushes, with intervening 
rheostat controller. 




714. FOUR-POLE COM- 
POUND GENERATOR, show- 
ing shunt winding and rheostat 
connection. Wiring is successive 
on each pole in the opposite 
direction for both shunt and 
current. 




715. ELECTRIC GENERATOR CONSTRUC- 
TION. — Compound winding, in which a winding of 
the field magnets is in shunt with the armature, and 
a second winding of the field magnets is m series or 
direct connection with the outer circuit. The shunt 
winding should be small wire. S', Shunt connected 

with armature brush holders ; S, large wire field winding in main 

circuit. 



716. CONSEQUENT-POLE 
COMPOUND GENERATOR. 
— The opposite field pieces are 
wound in opposite directions 
and have opposite polarity in 
the same piece at the centre. 
The shunt winding is in the same direction as the field winding and 
connected to the brushes with an intervening rheostat. 




192 



ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 




717. TRIPLE-EXPANSION ENGINE and 
multipolar dynamo. Direct-connected. 
Vertical types of the General Electric 
Company. 




718. DIRECT-CONNECTED VERTICAL 
COMPOUND ENGINE and multipolar dy- 
namo. One of the latest styles of this class of 
generators of electric power. 



719. FLEXIBLE COUPLING 

for engine and generator direct 
connection. 

720. Plan. The "Zodel" coup- 
ling. A flange on each shaft 
with overhanging crowns inter- 
lapping. A continuous belt over 
the outside and under the inside 
crowns allows of considerable variation in alignment and longitudinal 
vibration in the shafts. If a rubber belt is used, very perfect insula- 
tion may be obtained. 




721. CAR TRUCK MOTORS. 
— Direct - connected electric 
motors on street-car axles. 



ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 



193 




722. ELECTRIC FUSIBLE CUT-OUT.— The 
fuse wires or strips are connected to the circuit on 
insulated porcelain blocks. They are made of resist- 
ing metal or alloy of tin and lead of sufficient capacity 
for the required current without excessive heat. 
Overcurrent melts the wire or strips and opens the 
circuit. 




723. RHEOSTAT OR P.ESISTANCE COILS, 
with variable switch. Coils are made of iron, platinum, 
or German silver wire. The switch connections are so 
made that the coils may be made to connect the line 
with one or any number in series. 




724. TROLLEY CAR, 
showing the circuit from the 
generator g, through the line 
wire to car and return by 
rail circuit. 



725. SECTIONAL FEEDER SYSTEM for electric railways. 
The trolley wire line is divided into a convenient number of sections 

F, for feeders from 
a long main line, 
or divided into 
several feeder 
lines, as shown 
in the cut. 




13 



194 



ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 




726. STREET RAILWAY SINGLE MOTOR geared to both 
axles. " Rae " system. The motor is carried on a. frame and is 
journaled to both axles. 



727. ELECTRIC CAR BRAKE.— An 
electric solenoid, operated directly from the 
trolley current, is used as 
the power. Two iron cylin- 
ders, connected by a cross- 
head, form a U-shaped magnet, which is drawn into the solenoids 
when the current is turned into the coils. Regulation is made by 
switches and rheostat. 





728. ELECTRIC STREET-CAR BRAKE.— A solenoid, oper- 
ated by the trolley current, pulls up the brake levers. The springs 

,H — x=, m, j^^^^X ,g ^=, R. around the piston 

rods hold back the 
connections, acting 
as buffers. Thepis- 
^ tons are divided 
into three parts 
each, to soften the 
jerk when turning 
on ,the electric current. 

729. Section of solenoid, with the take-up pistons. 




ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 



195 




730. ELECTRIC IGNITER, used on 
explosive motors. The bat- 
teries, B, B, B, in series ; a 
sparking coil, T ; a braker, k^ 
revolving on the shaft, the 
insulating plug, P, and the 
^- platinum electrodes, r, r, with 



the wiring, are the principal parts in this device. 





\ 


i f 




m^ 





K 



731. SPARKING DYNAMO, or generator 
for a marine gasoline engine. Permanent horse- 
shoe magnets, with an armature revolved by a 
belt from the fly-wheel of the engine. With a 
true rim on the fly-wheel, the pulley of the gen- 
erator may be covered with leather or rubber and 
pressed lightly against the rim of the fly-wheel. 

732. MAGNETO-ELECTRIC 
MACHINE.— The revolution in 
the field of a permanent magnet 
of an iron armature wound with 
an insulated conductor, terminat- 
ing in a commutator or pole- 
_jr^ changing device, from which the 
^^ conducting wires extend through 
the base of the instrument to the posts and handles, H. 





733. ELECTRIC THERMOSTAT. 

734. Two strips of thin sheet steel and 
brass are fastened together by soldering or 
riveting, and to a base with binding-post 
in an insulated frame, A cap, with binding 
post and adjusting screw and index plate, 
allows for electric contact of the spring 
and screw at any required temperature. 
By making a double-wiring, a damper ma}- 
be made to open or close within a small 
range of temperature. 



ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 




735. TELEPHONE TRANS- 
M I T T E R . — A, A, thin iron- 
diaphragm ; B, india rubber in con- 
tact with diaphragm and the ivory 
disc, C ; D, platinum foil between 
theivorydisc,C,and the carbon disc, 
E ; G, disc and screw for adjust- 
ment of carbon contact; H, ad- 
justing screw for diaphragm con- 
tact. 




736. TELEPHONE RECEIVER.— A central 

magnet, with a coil of fine insulated wire around the 
end, next the vibrating plate or diaphragm. The 
variations in the electrical current produce varia- 
tions in the intensity of the magnet, which set up 
vibrations of sound in the iron diaphragm. 




737. ELECTRIC GAS LIGHTER.— Turning on the 
gas brings the electrodes in contact, and breaks the con- 
tact, which produces a spark by closing and opening the 
battery circuit. 



ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 



197 



738. ELECTRIC GAS LIGHTER.— Non- 
short-circuiting. The wiping spring is insu- 
lated, and there is no electric current except at 
the instant of lighting. 




739. POCKET ELECTRIC LIGHT. - A dry battery, with a small 
mcandescent 1 amp connected with it by a break-piece operated by the 

thumb. A small lens at the 
front protects the lamp and con- 
centrates the light. Gives a 
constant light for several hours. 
Battery easily renewed. 





740. ARC LIGHT AND REGULATING GEAR, 
"Faucault" model. The upper carbon runs down 
by a rack and gear governed by a fly, which is 
stopped or let go by variations in the current. 



741. LUMINOUS FOUNTAIN.— The lower end 
of the jet nozzle is fitted with a strong disc of plate 
glass. A concave mirror, placed in the focus of an arc 
light just below the glass disc, brilliantly illuminates 
the water jet. 



198 



ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 




742. ELECTRIC HEATER.— Coils of German silver wire 
wound around asbestos cords and rove over porcelain buttons for 
insulation. The buttons may be fastened to a frame of any required 
form. 



^1"- "I -^^ 



mmm^^^- 



743. ELECTRIC SOL> 
BERING COPPER.— 

The copper is wound with 
a coil of resisting material ; platinum wire insulated with asbestos, 
and the coil covered with a protecting shell. Connections are insu- 
lated and pass through' the hollow handle. 




744. ELECTRIC SAD IRON.— The iron 
is a shell frame with a smooth face on the 
bottom. A resistance coil made of iron, 
German silver, or platinum, insulated with as- 
bestos, is wound in spirals as near the bot- 
tom plate as can be made available for the 
greatest amount of heat. 




745. ELECTRIC SEARCHLIGHT, 

"Edison" model. An arc light in front of 
and in the focus of a concave reflector. 
It gives a beam of light nearly parallel. 
The front of the case has a plane glass 
for protection. It swivels in all direc- 
tions. 



ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 



199 




^ 746. ELECTRIC FURNACE, show- 
ing the recess and flat crucible. Elec- 
trodes of hard carbon and connections. 

747. OPEN TOP ELECTRIC 
FURNACE. — A cavity in a box of re- 
fractory material with holes on each 
side through which the insulated car- 
bon electrodes are inserted. 



SIEMEN'S" ELECTRIC GAS 
FURNACE.— Gas enters the 
crucible through a hollow 
carbon electrode. The op- 
posite electrode is a copper 
tube closed at the end with 
an inner tube for circulation 

of water to keep the end of the copper electrode from burning. The 

electrodes are adjusted by the rollers. 





[- 749. '' COWLES " ELECTRIC 
' FURNACE.— A cylinder, A, is 
made of silica or other heat-resist- 
ing material. A carbon plug, C, 
is connected with the positive wire, 
and a graphite crucible, D, answers 
as the negative electrode and stop- 
per, also as an exit for gases generated in the retort ; B, a bed of 
insulating material. 



750. ELECTRIC FURNACE, " Cowles '^ 
hopper model. The upper electrode is a 
vertical carbon tube fixed to the hopper. 
The lower electrode is a larger carbon tube 
fixed to the furnace floor. The tubes are 
banked with carbon and lime. The charge 
is fed down from the hopper by a barbed 
rod, reciprocated by a crank. The gases gen- 
erated are drawn off through a condenser.. 




200 



ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 




751. ELECTRIC WELDING PLANT.— 
The secondary coil is the heavy bar of 
copper enclosing the primary coil to 
which the clamps are attached. The 
magnetic material is in the form of coils 
of iron wire wound around the primary 
coil and copper hoop. 

C, clamp arms. 

D, pieces to be welded. 



HtGH fiOTtNTinu - <.«iv QVAf^rtry 








~ Mt&H 



■f-Sf 



752. ELECTRIC WELDING PLANT.— A, Alternating dyna- 
mo; F, resistance coils and switch; B, transformer ; C, clamping jaws; 
D, rods or pieces to be welded ; E, switch in the primary circuit. 




753. PORTABLE ELECTRIC MOTOR 
DRILL PLANT, with a stow flexible shaft. 
A spool on the motor winds up or lets out 
the electric wires, so that the apparatus 
may be quickly moved from place to place. 



ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 



20I 




754. ELECTRIC PERFORATING PEN, 

" Edison " model. Consists of a small pointed 
tube with a perforating needle on the inside 
vibrated by a small electro-magnetic motor 
fixed on top of the pen. A', B', Armature 
coils on iron studs fixed to frame ; Q, R, re- 
volving arm and fly-wheel ; Z, commutator ; 
N, M, O, spring current breaker. The pen 
produces a stencil of fine perforations on a 
glazed sheet of paper from which many copies 
may be made by a brush and ink. 




755. ELECTRIC HOIST.— The foot 
lever is the friction brake. The left- 
hand lever is for release, the right-hand 
lever is the starter. 




756. ELECTRIC BRAKE. -The 
brake shoes are fixed to two adjust- 
able curved levers and an operating 
lever — a solenoid magnet being the 
operating power. 




757. ELECTRIC ROCK DRILL, "General 
Electric Co.'s " model. A series of electric coils are 
fixed along the cylinder. The iron plunger traverses 
the interior of the coils, which are charged succes- 
sively by the electric current through traverse brushes 
on a straight commutator. 



202 



ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 




758. ELECTRIC FAN.— The motor is 
concealed in the central chamber, the middle 
section of which revolves with the arms. 




759. ELECTRIC-DRIVEN FAN, "Edison" 
model. Fan on same shaft with the arma- 
ture. Ball bearings. Runs with four or- 
dinary batteries. 



Section X. 
NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 

VESSELS, SAILS, ROPE KNOTS, PADDLE WHEELS, PROPEL- 
LERS, ROAD SCRAPERS AND ROLLERS, VEHICLES, 
MOTOR CARRIAGES, TRICYCLES, BICYCLES, 
AND MOTOR ADJUNCTS. 



NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 

Vessels, Sails, Rope Knots, Paddle Wheels, Propellers, Road Scrapers 

AND Rollers, Vehicles, Motor Carriages, Tricycles, 

Bicycles and Motor Adjuncts. 




760. LEG-OF-MUTTON 



gular sail attached to mast and boom, 
sail. 



SAIL.— A trian- 
5, main- 




761. SKIP JACK. — A baggy sail bent to 
the mast and extended by a boom and gaff. 
The cat-boat. 5, mainsail. 




3 



762. SQUARE OR LUG SAIL, attached 

to a yard. 5, mainsail. 




763. LATEEN RIG.— A triangular sail ex- 
tended by a long yard, which is slung about one- 
quarter its length from the lower end, which is 

5, mainsail. 



brought down to the tack. 




764. SPLIT LUG OR SQUARE SAIL, 
attached to a yard and divided at the mast, the 
brger portion being bent to the mast. The 
unequal division gives one sail the effect of a jib, 
2, jib ; 5, mainsail. 



2o6 



NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 




765. TWO-MASTED OR DIPPING LUG. 

— The sails are square, except at the top, where 
they are bent to yards hanging obliquely to the 
masts. 4, foresail; 5, mainsail. 




766. NEWPORT CAT-BOAT.— Sail bent 
to mast and extended by boom and gaff, with 
a fore-stay to a short bowsprit. 5, mainsail. 



767. SLOOP. — A mainsail and jib wdth 
fore- and back-stays. 2, jib; 5, mainsail. 




768. LATEEN-RIGGED FELUCCA.— A two- 
masted boat with lateen sails and a jib. 
2, jib; 4, foresail; 5, mainsail. 




769. PIROGUE. — A two-mast schooner rig, 
without jib and furnished with a leeboard. 
4, foresail; 5, mainsail. 




770. THREE-QUARTER LUG RIG.— Two 

long or lug sails with jib stayed to bowsprit. 
2, jib; 4, foresail; 5, mainsail. 



NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 



207 




771. "SLIDING GUNTER," or sliding 
topmast. A two-masted boat,, with divided 
masts. The triangular sails are bent to both 
masts, and furled by lowering the upper mast. 
Mainsail extended by a boom. 2, jib ; 4, fore- 
sail ; 5, mainsail. 






772. SKIFF YAWL RIG.— A mainsail with 
one or two jibs, and a small mast at the stern 
with a leg-of-mutton sail, extended by a boom. 
I, flying-jib ; 2, jib; 5, mainsail; 8, lugsail. 



SLOOP YAWL. — A foremast, schooner-rig, of 
sheet and jib, with a lugsail and mast at the 
stern, Lugsail extended by a boom. 2, jib ; 
5, mainsail ; 8, jigger. 



774. JIB-TOPSAIL SLOOP.— A m_ainsail, 
two jibs and jib-topsail. The topsail is run 
up the topmast and extended on the gaff. 
Main jib-stay from masthead to bow. Fore 
jib-stay from topmast to bowsprit. i, flying- 
jib ; 2, jib; 5, mainsail ; 13, gaff-topsail. 





775. THE CUTTER.— A mainsail, 5 ; jib, 
2; flying-jib, i, and topsail, 9, are the main 
features of a cutter-rig. 



776. SCHOONER RIG.— Fore- and main- 
sail bent to the mast, boom and gaff. Jib stayed 
to bowsprit. 2, jib ; 4, foresail ; 5, mainsail. 



208 



NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 




777. FULL SCHOONER RIG.— • 

Main- and fore-sail, two or three jibs, 
and two topsails, i, flying-jib ; 2, jib; 
3, fore top staysail ; 4, foresail ; 5, main- 
sail ; 12, fore gaff-topsail; 13, main 
gaff-topsail. 



778. TOPSAIL SCHOONER. — The 
same rig as a schooner, except the foretop, 
which is a square sail bent to a yard, i, 
flying-jib ; 2, jib; 4, foresail; 5, mainsail; 
9, fore-topsail; 13, main gaff-topsail. 



779. CLUB TOPSAIL RIG.— In addition 
to the full schooner rig, a club topsail is bent 
to a stay from the main-topmast head to the 
cross-trees of the foremast, i, flying-jib; 2, 
jib ; 4, foresail ; 5, mainsail ; 12, fore gaff-top- 
sail; 13, main gaff-topsail; 14, main topmast 
staysail; 31, jib topsail. 



780. HERMAPHRODITE BRIG.— Mainmast has a fore and 
aft sail, triangular topsail, and a club sail on a stay to the foremast. 

Foremast is square-rigged, with the ad- 
dition of a fore and aft sail — hence the 
name half-brig^ half- schooner, i, flying- 
jib ; 2, jib ; 4, foresail ; 5, mainsail ; 9, 
fore-topsail; 13, main gaff-topsail; 14, 
main topmast-staysail ; 22, fore-topgallant 




sail'; 25, fore-royal. 




781. A BRIGANTINE.— Foremast 
rigged with square sails ; mainmast with 
fore and aft sail and square-topsail, i, 
flying-gib; 2, jib; 4, foresail; 5, main- 
sail; 9, fore-topsail; 10, main topsail; 
22, foie-topgallant sail. 



NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 



209 



782. A BARKENTINE. — Schooner-rigged main and mizzen 
mast, full square-rigged foremast, with the addition of a fore and aft 
sail on the foremast. Club sails on stays from 
main to foremast, i. flying-jib ; 2, jib ; 3, fore 
topmast staysail; 4, foresail; 5, mainsail; 7, 
spanker ; 9, foretopsail ; 13, main gaff-topsail ; 14, 
main topmast-staysail; 22, fore-topgallant sail; 
25, fore royal; 32, fore-trysail ; t,;^, staysail- 34, gaff-topsail. 




783. FULL-RIGGED BRIG. — Square sails on 
both main and fore mast with the addition of a fore 
and aft sail on the main mast. Two or three jibs. 
I, flying-jib ; 2, jib; 3, foretopmast-staysail ; 4,. 
foresail; 5, mainsail; 7, spanker; 9, foretopsail; lo^ 
maintopsail ; 22, foretopgallant-sail ; 32, main-topgallant-sail; 20, up- 
per maintopsail; 2 5, fore royal. 




784. A BARK. — Full, square-rigged sails on fore 
and main masts. Schooner rig, mizzen-mast. i, 
flying-jib; 2, jib; 3, foretopmast staysail; 4,. 
foresail; 5, mainsail ; 7, spanker ; 16, lower fore- 
topsail ; 17, lower maintopsail; 19, upper fore- 
topsail; 20, upper maintopsail; 22, fore-topgallant-sail; 23, main-top- 
gallant-sail; 25, fore royal; 26, main royal ; 34, gafl-topsail. 





785. FULL-RIGGED SHIP, with double 
topsails and staysails. i, flying-jib; 2, 
jib; 3, foretopmast staysail; 4, foresail; 5, 
mainsail; 6, cross-jacksail ; 7, spanker; 14, 
main-topmast staysail; 15, mizzen-topmast 
staysail; 16, lower foretopsail; 17, lower maintopsail; 18, lower 
mizzen-topsail ; 19, upper foretopsail; 20, upper maintopsail; 21, 
upper mizzen-topsail; 2 2 , fore-topgallant-sail; 23, main-topgallant-sail; 
24, mizzen-topgallant-sail ; 25, fore royal ; 26, main royal ; 27, rnizzen 
royal ; 28, main skysail ; 29, maintopgallant-staysail ; 30, mizzen-topK 
.gallant-staysail; 35, main royal staysail. 



2IO 



NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 



786. FULL-RIGGED SHIP.— Square sails 
on fore, main, and mizzen mast, with a fore and 
aft sail on mizzen mast. Three jibs, i, flying- 
jib; 2, jib; 3, foretopmast-staysail ; 4, foresail; 
5, mainsail; 6, cross-jacksail ; 7, spanker; 9, 
foretopsail; 10, maintopsail; 11, mizzentopsail ; 22, foretopgallant 
sail; 23, maintopgallant-sail ; 24, mizzen topgallant-sail; 25, fore 
royal* 26, main roval- 27 mizzen royal. 





787. ICE BOAT.— A 
sloop-rigged frame on three 
runners, the rear one be- 
ing the tiller runner. 



;:;' ROPE KNOTS AND HITCHES. 



788. CLOVE HITCH. 




789. HALF-HITCH. 



790. TIMBER HITCH. 




791. SQUARE OR REEF KNOT. 



NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 



211 




792. STEVEDORE KNOT. 




793. SLIP KNOT 



sss^ 




794. FLEMISH LOO 



■Afite^^^>5 




795. BOWLINE KNOT. 




isssss^i 



796 CARRICK BEND. 



797. SHEET BEND AND 
TOGGLE. 




798. SHEET BEND. Weaver's knot. 



^ss^ 




%£SS 



799. OVERHAND KNOT. 




800. FIGURE EIGHT KNOT. 



sssl 




801. BOAT KNOT. 



212 



NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 




802. DOUBLE KNOT. 



803. BLACKWALL TACKLE HITCH. 



804. FISHERMAN'S BEND HITCH. 



805. ROUND TURN AND HALF 
HITCH. 

806. CHAIN STOP for a cable. 




807. DISENGAGING HOOK, held by a 
mousing link. 



808. SLIP HOOK.— The extension of the sus- 
I pension link holds the lower link in line, while a pull 
on the arm by a lanyard releases the load. 



809. RELEASING HOOK.— The lever throws the 
link off by a pull of the lanyard. 




810. BOAT DETACHING HOOK.— The standard is 
fastened to the boat. A tongue is pivoted to its upper end 
and passes through the hook of the tackle -block. A lever 
with an eye to catch the tongue is pivoted to the up- 
right standard, with a lanyard attached at the bottom. 
A simultaneous pulling of the two lanyards detaches 
both ends of a boat at once. 



NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 



213 



811. SWINGING OAR LOCK.— The hook C of the oar lock 

is swivelled on a post, D. 
which is fastened to the 
gunwale by a flange sta- 
ple and latch or by extend- 
ing the swivel through the 
gunwale. 






812-813. PIVOTED STEPS for a boat- 
landing. One edge of each step is pivoted to 
the lower stringer, the other edge to tho apper 
stringer by a hanger. On a level the steps 
form a floor, as the end of the ladder falls with 
the tide the hangers lift the forward edge 
of the step to keep it level. The shore posts 
are fixed and vertical. Stringers are pivoted 
to posts. 



814. SCREW ANCHOR for buoys. Is screwed 
to the required depth in the sand by a long box 
wrench. 



815. FLOATING LIGHTHOUSE.— A float- 
ing buoy filled with compressed gas (Pintsch 
system). Supplies a constant light of high power 
in the lantern for several days. 



214 



NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 




8i6. STONE DRY-DOCK, into 
which vessels are floated and a water 
gate closed, when, by pumping the water 
out, the vessel settles upon bearing 
blocks, and is shored from the side walls. 



.^F^^^^^T^^^n^w 



817. FLOATING DRY-DOCK, in 
which the lifting power is derived from 
the displacement of the water in the 
interior of the dock. The displacement 
area of the side extensions of the dock is 
sufficient to balance it when it is sunk, by 
filling the lower part with water in order to float a vessel into the dock. 





818. FEATHERING PADDLE WHEEL 
OR WATER MOTOR.— The paddles are 
kept in a vertical position by a planetary gear. 
The central gear is fixed. The pinions and 
gear on the arms keep the paddles in a ver- 
tical position in the water. 




a 819. VERTICAL BUCKET PADDLE WHEEL. 

c — The buckets, a, a, a, a, are pivoted to the shaft arms, 

b, b. To the pivots are attached cranks, <r, <r, r, c 

which are pivoted to the arms of an eccentric ring re- 

c volving with the shaft on. a fixed eccentric, e. By this 

a arrangement the buckets are kept vertical. 




820. FEATHERING PAD- 
DLE WHEEL.— The buck- 
ets are hinged with back le- 
vers and turned to their proper 
position by arms pivoted ec- 
centric to the shaft. The 
framework of the wheel is of 
iron or steel. 

821. Cross section. 



NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 



21^ 




822. OUTWARD THRUST PROPELLER 
WHEEL. — The blades pitch forward to throw the 
water outward as well as backward, to increase 
the thrust or power of the wheel. 



823. SCREW PROPELLER. Four blades. Or- 
dinary form for heavy draft tugs and tow-boats. 



824. SCREW PROPELLER, "Griffith" 
model. The inclination of the blades is 
made adjustable, and they are attached to 
a rim outside from the hub. 




825. SCREW PROPELLER, " Hodgson's " model. 
The blades are curved backward to prevent the cen. 
tnfugal direction of the water when passing the blades. 
Claims on fore-and-aft direction of blades by inventors, 
are not in harmony with the best practice in propeller 
design. 




826. SCREW PROPELLER, 
the " Ericsson " model. A rim con- 
necting all the blades, supposed to 
counteract the centrifugal tendency 
of the water. 

827. Side view. 



2l6 



NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 




828. SCREW PROPELLER, " Vergne's " 
model. The projecting ribs from the face of the 
blades are intended to neutralize the centrifugal 
action of the water. 

Section of blade. 



830. REVERSING PROPELLER, 
for launches and small yachts. The 
blades are socketed on opposite sides of 
the shaft and through a boss fixed to 
the driving shaft. 

831. Plan. A short crank extending 
from the blade socket at B, with an elon- 
gated hole at C, receives a pin fixed to 
a yoke and hollow shaft to which is 

given a fore-and-aft motion for changing the position of the blades. 

832. REVERSING SCREW 
PROPELLER.— The blades 
are pivoted concentrically on 
the hub, with pinions fixed to 
p the shanks on the inside. The 
hub is fixed to the inner driv- 
ing shaft. A sleeve, with 
gear-cut end to fit the pinion 
teeth, revolves with the shaft. An inclined slot-sleeve E, moved by a 
yoke lever, gives a slight rotary motion to the geared sleeve by which 
the four blades are reversed. 833. Section of shaft and reversing lever. 

834. SCREW PROPUL- 
SION. — Deep immersion 
screw of the Britannic. The 
screw propeller is lowered be- 
low the line of the keel by 
worm and rack gearing. The 
shaft is swivelled by a double 
spherical joint and connected 
with the engine shaft by a universal joint. 





NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 



217 



835. REVERSING SCREW PROPELLER. —The central 
shaft is the driver, and has a small longitudinal motion by a clutch 

and lever to shift the position of the blades. The 
outer-end sleeve is fast on the driving shaft, and 
carries the blades in sockets on each side of its 
centre. A hollow short shaft, free on the driv- 
ing shaft, but fixed longi- 
tudinally, turns in a 
socket on the stern post. 
A rack on each side 
meshes in a gear sector 
attached to each blade socket, so that the blades are reversed by the 
fore-and-aft movement of the driving shaft. 





[:■ 



m 



--\i 



836. THRUST BEARING for a pro- 
peller shaft. The collar brasses are set in 
mortices in the frame ; they are made in 
halves and bolted together. 




837. "SILVER'S" MARINE 
GOVERNOR.— The two pair 
of balls are pivoted to the re- 
volving shaft at the centre of 
their connecting arms. Their 
centrifugal tension is held and 
adjusted by the helical spring 
I, and thumb-screw. The open- 
ing of the balls moves the sleeve, D, for controlling the valve gear. 




838. DEEP-SEA SOUNDING BALL.— 

The sounding line is held by the pivoted horns 
d, d, which are thrown down when the rod passing 
through the ball touches bottom ; this releases 
the wire sling d, that holds the ball, when the rod 
and line can be easily drawn up. Has been 
used in four-mile depths of the ocean. 

839. Release position. 



2l8 



NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 




840. SOUNDING WEIGHT RELEASE for deep- 
sea sounding. A hollow spindle attached to the sound- 
ing-line encloses a hook lever, sprung out by a spring. 
A spindle, with an impact head, slides behind the lever 
and releases the ball at the moment the head strikes 
the bottom. 



841. SAMPLER SOUND- 
ING WEIGHT.— The cups are 
held open during the descent by 
a clip, which is disengaged when 
the bob strikes the bottom. The 
cups spring together by the re- 
lease of the catch. 




842. Cups closed. 




843. SUBMARINE LAMP.— A strong 
iron case with convex lenses. An ordinary 
bright light from a lamp, with two hose con- 
nections, sling and guide lanyards. One 
hose is to supply fresh air, while the other 
carries off the gas of combustion. " Vander 
Weyde " model. A powerful electric arc 
light is a later model. 



844. ROAD BUILD- 
ERS' LEVEL. — A draw 
telescope, on a screw and 
swivel base, with arm and 
screw for small adjustment. 
The bubble is directly 
under and in focus of the 
eyeglass, and is seen by 
reflection from a piece of 
glass at 45 ° in the eyepiece. 



845. Section through reflector and level. 



NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 



2 19 




846. ROAD MACHINE, 

for scraping and levelling 
common roads. 




847. REVERSIBLE ROAD 
ROLLER.— The tongue is at- 
tached to the frame that carries 
the driver's seat, and is bal- 
anced by the weight on the 
rear arm. By milocking the 
catch the horses wheel around 
the roller with the tongue and 
seat frame, and the tongue is 
relocked on the other side of the 
wheel frame. 





848. ROAD ROLLER.— Steam- 
driven. One of the heavy class 
now improving our roads. 



849. SINGLE ECCENTRIC RE- 
VERSING GEAR.— Used on traction 
engines. A is a wheel keyed on the 
crank shaft ; D is the eccentric ; C, a 
link ; B, B, bell crank, connected to 
sleeve and eccentric. The movement 
of the sleeve E by the lever throws the 
eccentric D to the centre and to the 
opposite position for reversal. 



^20 



NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 




850. ELASTIC WHEEL, " Huxley." A steel 
spring tire with jointed spokes. 




851. SPRING WHEEL.— Two forms of curved 
spring spokes and spring rim. 




852. ELASTIC WHEEL, Avith steel tire and 
spring spokes. 




853. APPLICATION OF TRACE 
SPRINGS for trucks and heavy wag- 
ons. Saves the shoulders of horses 
from fatigue and abrasion. 




854. " SERPOLLET'S " STEAM 
TRICYCLE. — A, coil boiler; B, 
coal bunker; C, water tank. The 
coal shute enters the 
furnace and feeds the 
fire automatically. 
Water is fed to the 
generator directly 
from an adjustable 
pump stroke. See 
Nos. 199, 200, 20J. 



NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 



221 




855. STEAM FIRE 
ENGINE. Vertical tubu- 
lar boiler. Vertical steam, 
pump, with yoke connec- 
tion to fly-wheel cranks 

Gould " pattern. 




856. JACKETLESS GASOLINE CARRIAGE. 
MOTOR, with two cylinders in 
line on two cranks at opposite 
points. Four-cycle type. Explo- 
sion in cylinders simultaneously,, 
reducing vibration. Cylinder 
cooled by air circulation over the 
radial ribs. 




857. GASOLINE MOTOR 
CARRIAGE.— Two full seats 
and single seat for driver. The 
middle seat turns over to get 
at the motor and gear. 




858. LIGHT ELECTRIC 



CARRIAGE, with single 
seat. The motor is attached 
to the frame and geared 
to a speed shaft, and by 
sprocket and chain to the 
wheel axle. 



222 



NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 




859. ELECTRIC PHAETON.— 
The motors are fixed to a 
frame under the floor of the 
phaeton, with their pinions 
meshing with an inside spur 
gear on eacli wheel. Tlie 
batteries are under tlie seat 
and extension box over the 
driving wheels. 




860. ELECTRIC BROUGHAM. 

The same general arrange- 
ment of the motor as in 
No. 859, only that the bat- 
teries are stored under the 
floor. 




861. DIFFERENTIAL GEAR for a tricycle. The bisected 
shaft is connected to a pair of pinions by universal joints. The 
pinions are pivoted at an angle of about 30° in a free-moving sleeve box. 




862. BABY-CARRIER TRICYCLE. 

— An extension of the driving axle of an 
ordinary bicycle, with a supplementar}- 
wheel to balance and for safety, so that 
a convenient vehicle is made for carrying 
children or packages 



NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 



22 




863. ELECTRIC TRICYCLE, "Bar- 
row " pattern. The single forward wheel is 
swivelled to the vehicle frame for steering 
and is also the driving wheel. It has a spur 
wheel on the inside of the rim in which the 
electric-motor pinion meshes. The motor 
swings with the steering-wheel frame, and is 
connected to the batter}^ under the seat by 
flexible wiring. 




864. ICE BICYCLE.— An attach- 
ment of a runner and a toothed rim for 
any bicycle ; making bicycling a winter 
sport on the ice. 




865. BICYCLE GEAR.— Transmission 
by fore and aft shaft with pin- 
tooth gearing. " Sagar " model. 

866. Pin-tooth wheel and 
pinion. 



867. BICYCLE CRANK.— A device 
for shortening the up-crank stroke. The 
eccentrics are fixed to the frame. The 
cranks and eccentric straps revolve on 
ball bearings, carrying by link connection 
the secondary crank shaft and sprocket 
wheel. 

S6S. Horizontal plan. 




869. SWINGING BALL-BEARING 
BICYCLE PEDAL.— Carries the feet close 
to the ground. 



224 



NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 




A. F. HAVEN'S" PLANET ARY^ 
CRANK GEAR, adapted 
-y^f ":^V-~-'-~_--_-_-_-r for bicycles for varying pro- 
portion of motion. The gear 
B is fast on the sprocket- 
B "^ N\ wheel shaft. Gear C is fast 
I to a block that slides in the 
longitudinal slot of the cross 
D. The curved arms of the 
cross are slotted on the ra- 
dial centre E, the slot rid- 
ing over the sprocket shaft, allowing the radial arm D to pass the 
shaft. The crank A is pivoted to the shaft and the sliding block. 
With equal gears, the sprocket wheel makes two revolutions for one 
of the crank. 

871. DETACHABLE LINK CHAIN 
for bicycles. Chain can be taken apart 
by turning the links at right angles to- 
the run of the chain. 

872. DETACHABLE LINK CHAIN 

for bicycles. The pin can be slipped 
out by drawing the links together. The 
grooves in the pins lock in the narrow 
slot ends of the links. 

873. Centre link pin and slip link. 

874. DETACHABLE LINK BICYCLE 
CHAIN. — The pins are slotted on three 
sides at G, G, are entered at the centre of 
the outside links and turned so that the 
straight back will rest against the end of 
link slot. 
875. Pin showing slots. 





876. BALL-BEARING PROBLEM, show- 
ing the direction of load, direction of support, 
and axis of rotation with V bearings in which 
the angular thrust is balanced in the same 
journal. 



NAVIGATION AND ROAD. 



225 




877. BALL-BEARING PROBLEM, show- 
ing the direction of load, the direction of sup- 
port, and the axis of rotation with angular 
quarter-curve bearings and angular thrust. 



878. ACETYLENE BICYCLE LAMP. 
Gas is generated in the lower compartment 
by admission of water in small quantities 
from the compartment B, through a needle 
valve operated by the handle K. L, gas 
tube ; M, burner. The gas pressure is reg- 
ulated by the hydrostatic head of water in 
the reservoir B. If gas is generated too 
fast, the water is held back by the gas 
pressure. 




879. ACETYLENE BICYCLE LAMP.— A 

charge of pulverized calcium carbide is placed in 
the lower chamber. A charge of water of one- 
half the weight of the carbide is placed in the 
tank, J. The wick G carries water to the car- 
bide by capillary action and pressure from grav- 
ity. The gas is aerated in the burner. The 
valve at I regulates the flow of water, which is 
also retarded by the gas pressure in the carbide 
chamber. 



880. BICYCLE LAMP.— W, bull's- 
eye lens. Air enters at O, and passes 
to the flame between the wick tube 
and guard, and flickering is prevented 
by air's exit through small passages in 
the shell of the lamp. Z, reflector ; B. 
oil chamber. 



IS 



Section XL 

GEARING. 

racks and pinions ; spiral, elliptical, and worm gear ; 

differential and stop-motion gear ; epicy- 

clical and planetary trains ; 

"Ferguson's" paradox. 



GEARING. 

■^Racks and Pinions; Spiral, Elliptical, and Worm Gear; Differential 

AND Stop-Motion Gear ; Epicyclical and Planetary 

Trains; "Ferguson's" Paradox. 



^=^ kruuuu-. 




:j^ 



88 1. ORDINARY RACK AND PINION. 
— Reciprocating motion, from circular or recti- 
linear motion as desired. 



K.uwu.r.n.^flA;H..wv^ 882. DOUBLING THE LENGTH OF A 
^========1®} CRANK STROKE by a fixed and a movable 

\l ( ) ( ) ( "1 — \] rack. The crank rod connects with a pinion, 

which rolls on a fixed rack, carrying a recipro- 
cating rack to double the distance of the crank throw. 



883. SAWMILL FEED.— By the revolu- 
tion or rocking of the crank d, the adjustable 
bell-crank lever a is vibrated, which gives the 
liyopk^jgiawl ^ the desired motion to turn the 
ratchet wheel and pinion which, meshing in 
the log bed-rack, feeds the log to the saw. The 
rate of feed is adjusted by the screw and 
traverse block ^/. 





884. RACK MOTION used for air pumps. 
The racks are directly connected with the pis- 
tons of a single-acting air or other pump, and 
operated by a brake lever. 



885. AIR-PUMP MOVEMENT.— Two racks 
connected directly with the pistons, with guides, 
are operated by a pinion and lever. 



23© 



GEARING. 




886. CIRCULAR RACK and pinion gear. A vari- 
able thrust bearing. 




887. RECTILINEAR VIBRATING MOTION 

of a spindle having an endless worm gear, moved 
by a spur-gear sector. 




;. VERTICAL DROP HAMMER or impact 
rod, in any position. Continual motion of sector pinion 
lifts or draws back the rack-rod B, which quickly drops 
or springs forward on the release of the teeth. 




889. SECTOR PINION AND DOUBLE 
RACK. — Rectilinear reciprocating motion from 
the continual motion of a sector pinion. 




890. RECIPROCATING MOTIONS of 
two pinions, geared together and to opposite 
racks, producing rectilinear reciprocating mo- 
tion to the racks, or vice versa. 



^ — ^^^^--s 891. CRANK SUBSTITUTE, "Parson's" 

(i i%Tn i^^ft patent. A reciprocatine: double rack alternately 

meshing in a pinion. A cam face plate running 
in smooth ways in the racks and fast to the pinion lifts the racks into 
and out of gear alternately at the end of each stroke. The end teeth 
keep the pinion in mesh. 



GEARING. 



231 




892. ALTERNATE CIRCULAR MOTION 

—j of a spur pinion from rectilinear motion of a 
mutilated rack gear. 



893. CRANK SUBSTITUTE. Two loose 
pinions with reverse ratchets attached to shaft, 
with pawls on pinion ratchets. Each rack 
meshes with reverse pinion for continual motion of shaft. Many vari- 
ations of this device are in use. 





894. QUICK BACK MOTION given to a 
rack slide by a sector gear and slotted arm ; 
operated by a pin in a revolving face plate. 



895. ALTERNATE RECTILINEAR MO- 
TION from a swinging lever with sector and 
rack. The lever has a quick return motion, 
operated by a wrist pin on a face plate, and 
free from backlash by the weight and lanyard 
attached to end of lever. 



896. RECIPROCATING RECTILINEAR 
MOTION of a double rack ; gives a continu- 
ous rotary motion to the central crank. Each 
stroke of the rack alternates upon one or the 
other of the sectors. A curved stop on the 
centre gear is caught on the pins in the rack, 
to throw it into mesh with the opposite sector. 



-j>jm/A 



^Aj\rJ\. 






897. RECIPROCATING RECTILINEAR 
MOTION of a bar carrying an endless rack. 
A mangle device. The pinion shaft moves up 
and down the slot, guiding the pinion around 



o 3~~^ the end of the rack. 



232 



GEARING. 



£1 




898. MANGLE RACK, guided by rollers 
and driven by a lantern half-pinion. The long 
teeth in the rack act as guides to insure a 
tooth mesh at the end of each motion. 




899. MANGLE RACK. — A reciprocating mo- 
tion of a frame to which is attached a pin-tooth 
rack, the pinion being guided by the shaft rid- 
ing m a vertical slot, not shown. 




900. MANGLE RACK with stationary pinion. 
The rack and slot frame are jointed to the mangle 
box, riding in mesh with the pinion by the slot 
guide, leaving the mangle box free to ride and tip 
on the rollers. 




901. ALTERNATE CIRCULAR MOTION 
from continuous motion of geared wheels. A 
grooved cam revolving with a geared w^ieel pro- 
duces a variable or alternate motion to a crank, 
through a pin in the groove connected to the 



crank and to a fixed point by a connecting rod. 





902. MANGLE WHEEL with equal motion 
forward and return. The pinion moves over the 
same teeth in both motions. The pinion moves 
vertical in a guide slot, not shown. The end of 
the shaft is guided vertically by the groove keep- 
ing the pinion teeth in mesh. 



903. " MANGLE WHEEL" GEAR in the oper- 
ation of which the speed varies in every part of 
its revolution. The pinion shaft is guided by the 
groove in the face of the wheel to keep the teeth 
in mesh, but rises and falls vertically by travers- 
ing a slotted guide, not shown. 



GEARING. 



233 




^-^ 




904. CONTINUOUS ROTARY MOTION 

of a pinion producing reciprocating motion of the 
double-geared wheel carrying drum of a mangle. 
The slotted stand allows the pinion shaft to rise 
and fall, its end guided by the slot in the return- 
gear wheel to give the mangle drum a quick 
return. 

905. MANGLE WHEEL with grooved guides, 
uniform motion through nearly a revolution, and 
quick return. 




906. MANGLE MACHINE GEAR.— Large 

wheel is toothed on both faces. The pinion 
traverses from one side to the other of the 
geared wheel through the open space. 



907. WORM SCREW RACK.— Continued motion of a 
worm screw meshed in a rack to produce motion in the rack 
frcm a fixed position of the worm, or with a fixed rack ; the 
worm, sliding over a feather-key shaft, will drive sliding nuts 
holding a hoisting car or platform. 



908. ROTARY MOTION of worm gear from 
an ordinary screw, or when the screw has great 
pitch, rotar)^ motion of the screw may be obtained 
from the rotation of the worm-gear wheel. 



909. ADJUSTABLE FEED ROLLS driven 

by worm gear. The roll gears have elongated 

teeth on their face meshing with the screw on 

ji each side, which allows of considerable variation 

of the d^pth of feed. 




234 



GEARING. 




910. SAW-TOOTH WORM GEAR.— By the 
saw-tooth form of the teeth of both wheel and 
worm, and the concave pitch lines of the worm, a 
large area of contact is given to the teeth. 




911. RIGHT- AND LEFT-HAND WORM 
GEAR for feed rolls or drums. 




912. THREE-PART WORM SCREW, for 
operating three screw gears for a chuck, so that 
the jaws close in the same direction. 




913. TRAVERSING MOTION from cir- 
cular motion of a worm gear. The worm 
wheel and spur gear are relatively held by the 
^^^^^^^^^^^^^ frame b, and slide freely on shaft a and guide 
bar D. The feathered key on shaft a allows the worm to turn with 
the shaft, while the connecting rod <:, by having one end fixed to the 
frame and the other end attached to a crank pin on the spur gear, 
gives the sliding frame with spur gear and worm a reciprocating mo- 
tion equal to the throw of the crank pin. 




914. GLOBOID SPIRAL GEAR 
WHEELS. — The revolution of the glo- 
boid gear A gives a variety of differen- 
tial motions to the spur gear B as it 
swings between the limits practicable 
with the globoid teeth. 



GEARING. 



235 




915. INTERNAL WORM-GEAR WHEEL for 
driving a spur-gear pinion. 




916. WORM-GEAR PINION to drive an inter- 
nal spur-gear wheel. 



917. 



ANTI-FRICTION WORM GEAR.- 




The worm-wheel bearings are on friction 
rollers running on pins. 



918. RELEASE ROTARY MOTION.— A worm 
wheel B, fast on a shaft to which is attached a loose arm 
and weight D, that carries the arm quickly over a half- 
turn, more or less, as required. The worm wheel lifts 
the arm and weight to beyond the vertical position by a 
pin in the shaft. See 919. 



919. RELEASE ROTARY MOTION.— A sector 
weight E, moving loose on a shaft to which is fixed a 
worm wheel driven by a screw. The weighted sector 
is lifted by a pin resting in the half-section of the 
hub of the worm wheel until it reaches the point at 
which gravity carries it over a half-turn, more or less, as required. 

920. RELEASE CAM. — Uniform motion is 
communicated to the gear wheel, B, fixed on its 
shaft with a pin at C. The cam is loose on 
the shaft, with a stop section to meet the pin at 
C. The lever d has a spring and a roller on 
the cam. The lever d is raised by the motion 

of the cam until its straight face reaches the roller, when the lever 

falls suddenly, throwing the cam forward. ' 




-236 



GEARING. 



921. HUNTING TOOTH WORM GEAR, used 
for planetary or clock motion. The double worm-gear 
wheel may have one or more teeth in one section than 
in the other. The motion of the worm advances one 
wheel in proportion to the difference in the number of 
teeth. If the difference is as 100 to 1 01, the worm will 
make 10,100 revolutions for one revolution of the 
wheel having loi teeth, over the wheel having 100 teeth. 




922. DIFFERENTIAL SCREW AND 
GEAR MOVEMENT.— The spur gear E is 
fixed to' a screw hub or nut, revolving in the 
head of the short standard. The pinions F 
and G vary in size to match the spur gears D 
and E. The revolution of the pinions and shaft 
A, B produces a differential motion in the 
spur gears E and D. D is fixed to the screw shaft, thus driving 
the screw shaft forward at a very slow rate and great power. 





923. COMPLEX ALTERNATING RECIP- 
ROCAL MOTION from three unequal gears and 
two walking-beams giving an endless variety of 
motions to the terminal connecting rod. 




924. ALTERNATING RECIPROCAL MO- 
TION from two crank gears and connecting rods 
to a walking-beam. When the gears are equal 
the motion of the rod is uniform ; when the gears 
are unequal the motion of the rod is proportionally 
a varying differential one. 

925. TWO-TOOTHED PINION.— Transmis- 
sion of motion to a wheel having a series of teeth 
alternating on each side. The form of the pinion 
cam teeth locks the wheel teeth until the opposite 
cam catches its wheel tooth. 



GEARING. 



23r 




926. PIN WHEEL AND SLOTTED PINION, 

by which a change of speed is obtained by shifting 
the pinion along its shaft. 



927. VARIABLE ROTARY MOTION from 

cone gears. A toothed cone is matched to an 
inverted cone with pin teeth to gear with the vari- 
\ able pitch of the cone teeth. 



928. SCROLL GEAR. — Increasing velocity is ob- 
tained by a geared scroll plate with a sliding pinion ort 
A a constant speed shaft. 




929. SPIRAL HOOP GEAR for special 
and slow transmission of power and motion to 
a shaft at right angle. One revolution of 
wheel A moves shaft B one tooth of its gear.. 



930. ACCELERATED CIRCULAR MO- 
TION by a volute gear. The pinion P and 
guide disc R move along the feathered shaft C, 
following the rail guide, and returns by reversal 
of the motion of the driving shaft C. 

931. ROLLER-BEARING GEAR TEETH. 
— A double-flanged wheel with roller-bearing 
notches cut to the pitch of the wheel. The 
rollers are held in place by straps bolted to an 
inner circle of the flanges. The meshing 
wheel has its teeth skeletoned to make room 
for the roller teeth. 



238 



GEARING. 




932. BALL GEAR with traverse pinions. Has 
a very limited traverse of the pinions. 



iins 



933. SPIRAL GEARING.— V gearing, in which 
the teeth are at a small angle with the plane of rota- 
tion, makes a perfectly silent transmission of power. 





934. EXPANDING PULLEY.— The sec- 
tional rim pieces with their arms have a radial 
sliding joint on the hub arms, and are moved 
out or in by pins projecting into the spiral 
slots on the central spur-gear wheel. The 
movement of the wheel ^, by turning the ratchet 
pinion d, moves all the sections of the pulley 
equally. 



935. CONCENTRIC DIFFER- 
ENTIAL SPEED.— B, high-speed 
shaft and eccentric on which the slow- 
speed gear A revolves with a differ- 
ential motion by being carried around 
in mesh with the larger internal fixed 
gear C, giving a slow motion to the 
belt pulley B. 




.36. DIFFERENTIAL MOTIONS on. concen- 
tric shafts by bevel gear. 



GEARING. 



239 





937. DIFFERENTIAL GEAR, section. 

938. Plan. Used in differential pulley 
blocks. The cam and large grooved pulley 
are fixed on the shaft, the revolution of which 
swings the small gear in mesh with the larger 
internal gear, and rotating the large gear, shell, 

and the chain lift pulley, with a speed due to the difference in the 
number of teeth in the gears. 

939. DOUBLING THE NUMBER OF 
REVOLUTIONS on one shaft. B, driving 
shaft and bevel wheel ; G, bevel wheel fast on 
shaft F; C, two bevel wheels on hollow shaft 
running on shaft F ; A, frame fast on shaft F, 
and carrying bevel wheel D; E, bevel wheel run- 
ning loose on shaft F. Revolution of B gives contrary and equal motions 
to shaft F and double-bevel w^ieel C. Frame A and its bevel wheel D^ 
revolving in contrary- direction to C, doubles the speed of bevel wheel E. 

940. MULTIPLE GEAR SPEED in line of shaft. Pinion E 
is fast on small shaft. B and C are fast together and pivoted on the 
J sleeve which runs loose on an extension of the small shaft gear ; D 
is fast on the large shaft, and gear A is fixed to the bearing. Speed 
may thus be increased or decreased on a continuous line of shafting 

by the relative 
number of teeth 
in the different 
bevel gears. 
When the multi- 
ple of the teeth 
in A and C is 
less than the 
multiple of the 
teeth in B and 
D, the gear D 
and the large 

shaft will revolve forward or in the same direction as the pinion E. 
When the multiple of A and C is greater than the multiple of the teeth 
in B and D, the gear D and large shaft will revolve backward or in the 
opposite direction from the pinion E. The " Humpage " reducing gear. 




240 



GEARING. 



941. VARIABLE THROW TRAVERSING 
BAR, used in silk spooling. The spur gear a, to 
which is affixed a crank and jointed guide rod, turns 
freely on a pin fixed in the revolving disc b. The 
pinion c is fixed on a central shaft or otherwise, 
allowing the disc b and its attached spur gear a to 
revolve around the pinion c, thereby producing a 
varying throw of the guide rod for each revolution of the disc b. 





942. REVOLUTION OF A PINION around 
its own centre and also around the common centre 
of two externally centred gears, a, driving pulley 
with cross band to gear pulley b, and direct band 
to gear pulley c. The differential motion revolves the 
pinion D around its own axis and around its external 
axis b. A planetary motion. 




943. DIFFERENTIAL SPEED of two gears in 
different directions on the same shaft. A, driving pin- 
ion : B is geared to the shaft pinion A and to the inter- 
nal spur gear C, and runs on a fixed journal. 




944. CAPSTAN GEAR.— The central pinion is 
fast to the shaft. The intermediate pinions are on 
a frame free on their own axes, but the frame is fixed 
to the winding drum. The gear ratchet ring runs 
free on the shaft, but is stopped by a pawl on the 
drum for quick speed and by the outside pawls for 
a slow speed of the winding drum. 




945. SLOW FORWARD AND QUICK BACK 
circular motion from the continuous circular mo- 
tion of a pinion, driving an internal sector pin- 
ion and an external sector gear. 



GEARING. 



241 




946. GEARED GRIP TONGS.— The radial dis- 
tances of the sectors are in proportion to the diameters 
of the two pinions, which gives the jaws an equal mo- 
tion, closing them with a strong grip by the action of 
the pinions. 



947. VARIABLE CIRCULAR MOTION 
by a pinion driving an eccentric crown wheel. 



948. ELLIPTICAL SPUR GEAR for variable 
speed, the amount of which is governed by the 
relative lengths of the greater and lesser axes of 
the pitch lines of the elliptical gears. 



949. ELLIPTICAL GEAR WHEEL and pinion 
for variable motion of a pinion from uniform speed of 
an elliptic gear. The pinion shaft is carried in a box in 
a slotted arm and held in contact by a spring or other 
means. 




950. IRREGULAR CIRCULAR MOTION 

from a circular gear train. A, the driver, with a 
spur gear B, attached eccentrically ; C, a pinion, and 
D, the driven wheel. The three pinions are connected 
with pivoted arms ; then the swinging of the spur 
wheel B around its eccentric axis will give a variable 
motion to the wheel D. 

951. VARIABLE RECIPROCATING 
MOTION from a rotating spiral spur 
sector meshed in racks inclined to the 
line of motion. The pitch lines of the 
racks are curved to match the pitch line 
of the spiral sector. The pins F on the 

sector mesh with the stop jaws J, K, on the rack frame, alternately at 

each half revolution. 




2^2 



GEARING. 



952. IRREGULAR CIRCULAR MOTION 
from an elliptically eccentric erear train. C is the 

^Vs^B^^^^ )| elliptic driving wheel turning with the shaft at D, 

B is the intermediate gear with a pinion follower to 
the eccentric gear C. A and B are attached by an 
arm pivoted on their respective shafts, so that B 
rises and falls to keep the gear in mesh ; h and g 

is an elliptical slot in a plate attached to C, in which the end of the 

shaft of B traverses to keep the pinion B in gear with the elliptic 

wheel C. 




ALTERNATING RECTILINEAR 
MOTION by the revolution of a sec- 
1 tor by which one revolution produces 
both motions. The curved back of 
the sector just touches the extended 
tooth of the rack frame at d, while the teeth at e and b are partly in 
mesh with the enlarged sector end teeth, thus preventing back-lash 
or locking of the teeth. 





954. INTERMITTENT MOTION OF SPUR 
GEAR. — A is the driver. The pin J and the dog L 
are on the front side of the gear ; the pin R and dog 
P are on the back. This class of gears may be made 
in varying proportion to suit the required stop motion 
of the gear B, A being the driver. 




955. INTERMITTENT MOTION OF SPUR 
GEAR, in which the dogs G and F form a part of the 
driven gear B. This form allows of varying propor- 
tions of stop and speed motion in the two gears. A is 
the driving gear. 



GEARING. 



243 




956. SPIRAL STOP-MOTION GEAR.— In 
this form a variable motion, in addition to the stop, 
is given to the driven wheel B. The dotted section 
at G shows the mesh of the spur, K, of the stop 
wheel. A is the driving wheel. 



^'^^^tirtAf^ 



957. FAST AND SLOW MOTION SPUR GEAR, or a quick 
return when operating a slide motion by a crank. The driving gear 

B is composed of gear sectors of differen- 
tial radius to correspond with the sectors of 
the driven gear A. The horns and studs 
M, L are back of the face of the gears and 
make contact with the studs N and O, on 
the sector wheel A, guiding the wheels to mesh in the other pair of 
sectors. 





958. MITER INTERMITTENT 
GEARS. — The driver makes one revolu- 
tion to one-quarter of a revolution of the 
driven gear. The blank part of the driv- 
ing gear is milled down to the pitch line, 
and runs in the corresponding concave 
of the four-part driven gear. 



959. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MOTION, 
from continuous rotary motion of .a sector-toothed 
wheel. Part of the pinion is cut out of the same 
curve as the smooth part of the wheel, and acts 
as a stop until the pin on the wheel strikes the 
arm on the pinion and guides the contact of the teeth. 





960. IRREGULAR VIBRATORY MOTION 
of an arm. A, from the rotary motion of a pinion, 
B 



244 



GEARING. 





961. VARIABLE VIBRATING MOTION 
given to a rod, A, by the rotation of a pinion on an 
irregular-toothed wheel on a fixed axis ; the pinion 
being carried by a bell-crank lever, with a variable 
slot adjustment. 



962. MOTION BY ROLLING CONTACT of 

elliptical half-geared wheels. The fork serves as a 
guide to enter the teeth into mesh. 



963. VARIABLE SECTIONAL MOTION from 
sector gears. The sectors are arranged on different 
planes, so that each pair shall be matched and all 
so adjusted that their teeth will mesh at their proper 
periods. 



964. UNIFORM SPEED OF SECTIONAL 
SPUR GEAR during part of revolution. The 
motions varying suddenly according with the dif- 
ferential radii of the sectors. 




965. SCROLL GEARING. — For increasing or de- 
creasing the speed gradually during one revolution. 



966. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MOTION 
from eccentric circular motion. C and D are pins 
concentric with wheel B. The shoulder cam A 
runs eccentric to the shaft of B, and catches the 
pin C or D at every revolution, turning B a 
half-revolution, and the reverse if B is the driver. 



GEARING. 



245 




967. STOP ROLLER MOTION, used in 
wool-combing machines. The heart-shaped slot 
B, in the driving disc D, carries a roller stud, 
giving it a for\vard, backward, and stop motion. 
A pin on the back of the disc at e lifts the pawl 
G (Fig. 968), allowing it to pass over one of the 
spaces between the notches, and at the next half- 
revolution carr}dng the roller shaft forward one 
notch. The roller is attached to the shaft F, and 
by the action of the heart-shaped cam makes one- 
third of a revolution backward, and two-thirds 
of a revolution forward. 



969. CHANGE GEAR MOTION. — The loose 
sleeve revolving freely on the concentric ends of the 
shafts A and B carries a diagonal shaft, with bevel 
pinions fast on each end ; also a spur wheel, driven 
by the governing shaft and pinion E. Any motion 
given to the spur wheel F, by the pinion E, varies 
the speed of shaft B — A being the driving shaft. 



970. CHANGE GEAR MOTION, with spur 
gearing only. The spur wheel C moves freely on 
the disconnected shafts A and B. A short shaft 
and two fast pinions have a free motion near the 
periphery of the spur wheel C. The fast spur wheel 
on the shaft A is the driver. Any motion of the 
■central spur wheel given by the shaft and pinion E varies the motion of 
the shaft B greater or less than the driving shaft, according to the 




■direction of the governing motion. 



= ^ 100 T 




971. CHANGE GEAR MOTION.— The shafts 
A and B are disconnected, and carry a loose hub and 
spur wheel in which is pivoted the bevel pinion T. 
The bevel wheel C is fast on shaft A, and D is fast 
on shaft B. Any motion given to the central spur 
gear either way by the pinion shaft E varies the speed 
of the driven shaft B either faster or slower than the 
driving shaft A. 



246 



GEARING. 




972. DIFFERENTIAL DRIVING GEAR. 
— Used on the driving shaft of motor carriages. 
A, is the driven gear from the motor ; B, a bevel 
pinion pivoted laterally ; C, C, bevel gears fast 
on the divided shaft E, D. This arrangement 
allows one wheel to advance in turning a curve,, 
and at the same time to receive an equal impulse. 
with the other wheel. 



973. EQUALIZING PULLEY for 
rope transmission. The arm carrying: 
the small bevel gears is fast on the 
shaft. The divided pulley runs loose 
on each side of the arm with its two>- 
bevel gears meshed with the bevel pin- 
ions. Any variation in the over-wound, 
rope by tension will be compensated 
by the pinions. 

974. EQUALIZING GEAR. — When 

driven by the belts A, A', with equal speedi. 
in opposite direction, the large spur wheel 
and shaft B do not move. Any difference 
in the speed of the belt pulleys will revolve^ 
the large spur wheel and shaft B forward 
or backward, according to which pulley 
runs fastest. The velocity of the large spur wheel will be one-half 
the difference of the pulley velocities. If B is the driving shaft, A. 
and A! may be the wheels of a vehicle. 



975. DOUBLING A REVOLUTION on ther 
same shaft, "Entwistle's" patent. The pulley at: 
A is the driver on the shaft D. The bevel gear 
at A is fixed. The stud E is fast on the shaft^. 
The bevel wheel B revolves freely on the stud E.- 
:^ The bevel wheel C and its pulley C' runs looser 
on the shaft. The revolution of the stud E with its bevel wheefi 
around the fixed bevel wheel A doubles the speed of the bevel wheeE 
C and pulley C'. 




GEARING. 



247 




976. CONTINUOUS SHAFT MO- 
TION from an alternating driving shaft. 
The ratchets fixed to the bevel gears on 
the shaft a are operated by pawls fixed 
to the shaft, the rocking of which re- 
volves the bevel gear and shaft B in one 
direction. 




977. ALTERNATING MOTION of a shaft 
at right angles to a driving shaft by three bevel 
gears and double clutch. Bevel gears on clutch 
shaft run loose. Clutch slides on a feather or 
key, and is operated by a Y-lever and groove in. 
clutch. 

ECCENTRIC WHEEL TRAIN. 

— The elliptical bevel gear A is 
fixed to the crank shaft bearing 
at an angle to allow the elliptical 
bevel wheel B to clear the bevel 
wheel F. The arm C is fixed to 
L the crank shaft ; B and D are 
fixed to the shaft H, giving to the shaft E an irregular reversed mo- 
tion from the motion of the crank shaft. 

979. EPICYCLIC GEAR.~The arm F G 
is fast on the shaft A A. The bevel wheel is 
loose on the arm. The bevel wheels D and C 
are loose on the shaft A A. Differential mo- 
tions of the two wheels C D will produce a ro- 
tation of the arm F G, around and with the 
shaft A, or, by making the arm loose on the shaft, a differential mo- 
tion may be made by shaft and arm. 

980. EPICYCLIC TRAIN.— If gear wheel C 
is fixed, and the arm D moved around its axis at 
A, the gear wheel B will have a retrograde mo- 
tion, and the gear wheel A a faster motion in the 
direction of the motion of the arm. If wheel A 
is fixed, B and C will have unequal forward 
motions. 





248 



GEARING. 




AUTOMATIC CLUTCH MOTION 
FOR REVERSING— 
The bevel wheels B, C are 
the drivers in contrary di- 
rection; D is a double 
clutch on the shaft feather. 
The revolution of the pin 
on bevel, wheel E moves the weighted ball F through the action of 
the bell-crank lever and connecting rod until the ball is past the ver- 
tical centre, when it falls over, striking the clutch lever and moving 
the clutch to the opposite or reverse wheel, and vice versa. 

982. ECCENTRIC GEAR.— Irregular 
inverse motion from elliptic speed gear. 
The balanced arm T is fixed to the crank 
shaft and turns with it. The gear A is el- 
liptical, as is also the gear a. Gear A is 
fixed to the frame with one of its centres 
coincident with the crank shaft \ a/\?> fixed 
in the same manner to a shaft carrying 
the gear F, multiplying the speed of the in- 
dex pointer P with a differential velocity, due to the eccentricity of 
the elliptical gears. 




CrffJ 



983. SUN AND PLANET CRANK MOTION, 
used by James Watt on the steam engine. Gear 
centres are held by connecting arm. B is fixed to 
connecting rod, and does not revolve on its own 
centre, but moves around the axis of the fly-wheel 
A with a slightly oscillating motion. The wheel A revolves twice on 
its axis to one circuit of B, or two strokes of the piston. 





984. HIGH-SPEED EPICYCLIC TRAIN. 

— Bevel gear C is the driver ; //z / is a fixed 
shaft. Bevel pinion D and spur gear E are fixed 
on a hollow shaft. Bevel pinion A and spur gear 
H are fixed on a hollow shaft, revolving on the 
hollow shaft I. The arm m n revolves freely on 
the fixed shaft m p. The spur wheels F, G axe 
fixed on a hollow shaft turning freely on the stud n. 



GEARING. 



249 



985. SUN AND PLANET WINDING 
GEAR. — A is fixed to the frame; B is keyed 
to the barrel shaft. The crank is loose on the 
shaft and carries a stud on which the differen- 
tial gear C, D revolves. 



986. EPICYCLIC GEAR TRAIN.— C is the train 
arm which may revolve around its centre at F. The 
gear A is fixed. The pinion F is fast to a spindle. The 
gear B turns on its own axis as it revolves around the 
common centre. The two pinions at D are fastened 
together and revolve around their own axis, and also 
around the common centre at F. The centre spindle 
at F revolves with increased speed by the double gear 

at D. A great variety of motions may thus be made to represent 

planetary movement. 







987. COMPOUND EPICYCLIC TRAIN, 
more curious than useful, but illustrating the 
changed conditions of gear motion. Gears a and 
/i are fixed to the crank shaft. Gears g and / 
are fixed to a hollow shaft turning on the shaft 
n m. Gears ^, /; are fixed on a hollow shaft and 
turn on shaft n m. The arm /^ / is fast on and 
supported by shaft n m. Gears e^ d are fixed on a hollow shaft and 
revolve on the arm k /, carrying the arm in a slow motion around the 
shaft axis n in. A variety of differential motions may be made by 
changing the relation of the fixed pairs. 





988. PLANETARY MOTION applied to an 
apple-paring machine. The gear F is fixed to the 
crank shaft. The internal spur gear A is stationary^ 
On turning the crank the pinion B rolls forward, 
carrying the arm T at half the velocity of 
the crank. The bevel gear A revolves with 
the crank, driving the spindle K with one- 
half the proportional speed due to the rela' 
tive diameters of gears A' and F'. 



250 



GEARING. 




989. PLANETARY GEAR 
TRAIN. — The arm T revolves 
around the fixed gear A, on the 
stand H. The gear B and bevel 
■^gear E are fixed on a shaft and 
turn in one direction, giving a 
contrary motion to the bevel gear F and index hand P. 

p/ 990. PLANETARY GEAR 
TRAIN. The arm T revolves 
around the fixed gear A. The 
small gear S reverses the mo- 
tion of the gear F, to shaft of 
which the arm T' is fixed. The 
arm T' moves backward, carry- 
ing the pinion S' around the 
bevel gear A', which is fixed to the arm T, giving the bevel wheel F' a 
forward motion, or in the same direction as the arm T. 

991. "FERGUSON'S" MECHANICAL PARADOX.— The 

arm C revolves around the fixed gear A, carrying the gear B and 
train of wheels with it. The gear B revolves in the same direction as 

the arm and carries with 
it the gears I, G, E fixed 




r^i 



z: 



I E2 



^k^ 



^h^ 



E3: 



H to Its shaft 



P 



B 



:i 



Small dif- 
ferences in the number 
of teeth of each pair of 
gears gives a differential 
reverse motion to the 
gears K, H, F. 




992. "FERGUSON'S" MECHANICAL 
PARADOX, a curious property of an epicy- 
clic train. A is a central fixed axle and gear 
Ji'lc ^ gf D^ wheel, around which the arm C D revolves ; 

M, a wide-gear wheel loose on a pivot set in 
the arm CD; N, a pivot also set in the arm and carrying three 
gears with a differential number of teeth, say, varying by one or two 
teeth. On moving the arm C D to give motion to the train, the three 
wheels E, F, and G will have a differential motion, which was a para- 
dox to persons not understanding the secret. 



Section XII. 

MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING 

MOTION. 

RATCHETS AND PAWLS, CAMS, CRANKS, INTERMITTENT ANI> 

STOP MOTIONS, WIPERS, VOLUTE CAMS, VARIABLE 

CRANKS, UNIVERSAL SHAFT COUPLINGS, 

GYROSCOPE, ETC. 



MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING 

MOTION. 

RATCHETS AND PAWLS, CAMS, CRANKS, INTERMITTENT AND STOP MOTIONS^ 

WIPERS, VOLUTE CAMS, VARIABLE CRANKS, UNIVERSAL SHAFT 

COUPLINGS, GYROSCOPE, ETC. 





993. RATCHET BAR LIFT.— The vibra- 
tion of a double-bell crank lever gives a ratchet 
bar and attached rope great power for lifting 
or tightening a binding device. 

994. RATCHET LIFT.— Vibrating lever C, 
operates two hooked pawls on the ratchet bar A and 
lifts the bar. The slot serves as guide. The other 
member may be a suspension or standard attach- 
ment. Much used in ratchet jacks and stump-pullers. 




^ 



^ 



995. RATCHET GOVERNOR, for 
water-wheels or other prime movers. 
The pin cam is in constant revolution. 
The double-ratchet rack B, held clear of 
the revolving pin at normal speed, is 

raised or lowered by the action of the governor on the suspender A. 

The extension rods of the ratchet frame operate a gate or valve. 






^ 




996. ROTARY MOTION, from reciprocating 
motion of two racks alternately meshing with a 
gear wheel. Racks are pinioned at a, a. The 
curved slots b^ b guide the racks out and into 
gear. The bell-crank lever c and spring d serve 
to disengage the rack at the end of the up-stroke. 



254 



MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 




997. INTERMITTENT CIRCULAR 
MOTION, from a vibrating arm and pawl acting 
upon a ratchet wheel. 




998. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MOTION 

of a ratchet wheel by lever and hook pawls. 
^ B, vibrating lever. 

A A, ratchet wheel. 




999. DOUBLE-PAWL RATCHET.— The vibra- 
tion of the lever a, with its pawls /;, c^ imparts a 
nearly continuous motion to the ratchet wheel. 




1000. CONTINUOUS FEED OF A RATCHET 

by the reciprocating motion of a rod. two pawls 
on arms, and pivoted by links to the recipro- 
cating rod. 




^'VsKM-^^ 



looi. DOUBLE-PAWL RATCHET 
WHEEL. — The lever lifts the pawls, one of 
which moves the ratchet wheel at up- stroke by 
one pawl, and again at the down-stroke by the 
other pawl. 




1002. INTERMITTENT ROTARY 
MOTION, from a reciprocating rod and two 
pawls, acting on a ratchet-faced wheel. Arms 
C, C are loose on shaft of wheel A. 



MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 



255 




1003, INTERMITTENT CIRCULAR 
MOTION. — Reversible by throwing over the double 
pawl. Operated by a reciprocating rod attached to 
the disc carrying the pawl. 




1004. RATCHET INTERMITTENT 
MOTION, by the operation of treadles. Pawl 
levers and pawls are operated through con- 
necting rods to levers or treadles, the motion 
of which is made uniform by the strap and 
pulley attachment C. 




1005. INTERMITTENT CIRCULAR 
MOTION — ^Reversible by throwing over a 
double pawl on the vibrating bell-crank lever. 
A feed motion for planing machines. 



1006. INTERMITTENT ROTARY 
MOTION of a ^yheel by vibrating levers and 
p^wls..- ^^l^-^^i^*^<i^ f^'^ 

B, pin-tooth wheel. 

A, vibrating lever. 



V 



.z-* 



/ 




1007. INTERMITTENT CIRCULAR MOTION 
from a reciprocating rod. Motion varied in the ratchet 
wheel A by the number of teeth swept over bv the 
pawl B. 



1008. PAWL LIFT. — By moving the lever 
between the pins in the bell-crank pawl arm, the 
pawl is lifted and moved to new position with- 
out dragging over the teeth of the ratchet wdieel. 



^ 



256 



MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 




1009. OSCILLATING MOTION into rotary 
motion by a straight and crossed band running 
on two ratchet pulleys, the ratchets of which are 
fast on the shaft. Each oscillation of the sector 
lever gives a forward motion to the shaft. 



loio. CONTINUOUS ROTARY MOTION 
by stop ratchet and oscillating beam. The 
ratchet wheel is fixed on the shaft. The pawl 
wheel runs free and gives motion to the ratchet 
and shaft at every other stroke of the sector 
beam. 





proportions. 




loii. INTERMITTENT MOTION of a ratchet 
by the oscillation of a knuckled joint tappet arm. 
The spring keeps the tappet extended on the for- 
ward stroke, and allows it to run over the tooth of 
the ratchet on its return. 



1012. INTERMITTENT CIRCULAR MO- 
TION of a ratchet wheel with a check pawl by 
the continuous circular motion of a pawl wheel. 



1013. WINDLASS GRIP PAWL.— A fric- 
tion pawl and rim grip piece are pivoted together 
so that by the vibration of the lever with its con- 
necting rod the grip pawl drops and takes firm 
hold of the rim of the windlass wheel and turns 
it with the power due to the distance of the rod 
attachment from the wheel centre and the lever 
The stop pawls act upon a separate ratchet wheel. 

1014. RATCHET AND LEVER PAWL.— The pawl 
drops into the ratchet by gravity of the lever. Pulling 
the cord A unhooks the pawl by swinging the lever back. 



MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 



^57 



1015. INTERMITTENT ROTARY M0> 
TION by ratchet and springs. D, driving wheel 
with a bent spring at B. A spring at C acts as a 
fixed pawl. In revolving the wheel D, the spring 
B lifts the spring C from the ratchet, and is it- 
self pressed into the teeth and carries the ratchet 

around one tooth, when the shoulder on the spring B releases the 

spring C and allows it again to lock the ratchet. 





1 016. INTERMITTENT MOTION of a ratchet 
crown wheel from the reciprocating motion of a 
lever and pawl. 



1017. INTERNAL MULTIPLE CAM for operat- 
ing several slides for internal grip, or for expanding 
the cutters of a die stock. 



1018. 
pawls. 



RATCHET HEAD with spring 




1019. INTERMITTENT CIRCULAR MO- 
TION from oscillating motion of a lever by friction 
pawls. The crank E and its cord connecting with 
the pawls throw one or the other pawl out of lock, 
for reversing the motion. 



1020. RECIPROCAL CIRCULAR MOTION from rec- 
tilinear motion of a nut on a quick thread. The reciprocat- 
ing or Persian drill stock. The screw is swivelled in the 
head of the stock, allowing a free movement of the drill by 
the motion of the nut. 



17 



258 



MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 




1 02 1. BALL SOCKET RATCHET.— The 
^ pawl is within the arm socket, and by the ball 
ratchet form allows the drill stock to be used at 
an angle. 




1022. CONTINUOUS MOTION RATCHET 
from an oscillating arm. Three bevel gears, two of 
which have ratchets with pawls on opposite sides, so 
that there is a forward motion to the spindle at each 
stroke of the arm. 

1022 a. Elevation. 



1023. STOPS OF VARIOUS FORMS for 
a ratchet wheel. Hook and straight gravity pawi 
and a spring pawl. 




Mg=^ 



1024. STOPS for a spur gear. Slip pawls. 




^ 1025. STOPS for a lantern wheel. One a 
latch stop, the other a roller stop. 




1026. SAFETY CENTRIFUGAL HOOKS. 
- — Hooks are retained by springs until the cen- 
trifugal force of excessive speed throws them out 
to catch the pins in the fixed plate. 



1027. CRANK MOTION for quick return of 
a lever. A, fulcrum of lever. 



MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION, 



■59 




1028. CENTRIFUGAL SAFETY CATCH 
for hoisting drums. The studs D, D, D are fixed 
to the hoisting drum frame. B is a flange fast 
to the drum shaft and to which is pinioned the 
safety hooks. At ordinary speed of the drum 
the hooks hang back so as not to touch the studs. 
An unusual acceleration of speed throws out the 
hooks to catch on the studs. 





1029. STOP MOTION from a wrist or crank 
pin. The relative amount of stop and motion 
depends upon the diameter of crank-pin circle 
and length of the connecting-rod slot, plus the 
diameter of crank pin. Used in brick machines. 

1030. VARIABLE RECIPROCATING MOTION 

from the circular motion of a wrist pin on a disc 
crank. The pin sliding in the slot makes a quick 
q\ return of the bell crank and connecting rod. 



1031. IRREGULAR ROCKING MOTION 

in an arm having an endless groove of any re- 
quired shape, with the radius of the longitudinal 
axis equal to the radius of the pin. Pin not 
shown. 



1032. ROCKING ARM by cam groove. 
A groove in a face plate may be so designed 
as to give a variety of movement to a rock 
shaft, with an arm and pin follower. 



1033. YOKE STRAP and eccentric circular 
cam. 



26o 



MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 




1034. TRIANGULAR CURVED ECCENTRIC, 
which by its pecuHar form makes a stop motion at 
each half-revolution of the cam, for any portion of the 
stroke, according to the length of the concentric portion 
of the cam. 




1035. TRIANGULAR ECCENTRIC for 
producing a stop motion at each half-revolution 
of the face plate a, by the proportional peripheral 
length of the outer curve of the triangular cam. 
Used on a French engine. 



1036. RECIPROCATING MOTION with four 
stops, two of which are of longer duration than the 
others. A pin on the rotating disc, sliding in a grooved 
yoke, may be made to give a variety of motions to the 
rectilinear slide by the form of the groove. 




1037. UNIFORM RECIPROCATING MO- 
TION from the circular motion of a crank or disc 
wrist pin. The endless groove in the cross head is 
made to conform in shape to the varying rectilinear 
motion of the wrist pin. 



1038. NEEDLE-BAR SLOT CAM, for sew- 
ing-machines. The depression in the pin slot 
gives the needle a stop motion while the shuttle 
passes. 



MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 



261 




^. 1039. SLOTTED YOKE CRANK MOTION, 
producing rectilinear motion of piston rod from a 
crank dispensing with a connecting rod. 




1040. TRAMMEL GEAR. — The slotted cross moves 
in a right line astride the shaft, while the crank pin in a 
block moves in the cross slot. 



1041. SLOTTED LEVER MOTION from a crank 
pin. A variety of motions and stop motions may be 
made with this class of lever. 



o^ 




1042. INTERMITTENT RECIPROCATING 
MOTION from continuous circular motion. The 
curved slot in the lever should be radial with the 
crank centre for a stop. Many forms of motion may 
be had by variation of this device. A combination 
much in use for sewing-machines and printing-presses. 



tJ 



1043. VARIABLE CRANK THROW.— A 
screw and tappet wheel move a nut on the 
2 screw to which is fixed a wrist pin sliding in the 
I cross slot of a carrier bar. Each revolution of 
the face plate brings the tappet wheel in contact 
with a finger, and by turning the wheel and screw moves the wrist 
pin to or from the centre of the wheel. Used in silk-spooling ma- 
chinery. 




262 



MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 




()jjy^^^ 1044. VARIABLE ADJUSTMENT for the 

tension of a spring on the motion of a connecting 
rod, by varving the radii of a rocking lever. 




1045. FOUR-BOLT CAM PLATE, used 
for throwing safe bolts and for expanding dies» 




1046. EQUALIZING TENSION SPRING ANE^ 
LEVER. — The bell-crank lever equalizes the tension of 
the spring by its varying position. Its long arm is on a 
fixed pivot. 




1047. ALTERNATING RECTILINEAR 
MOTION from studs on a rotating disc. The 
bar is carried forward by the stud on the disc 
striking the projection on the bar, and the bar 
returns by the movement of the bell-crank lever 
and opposite stud. 

1048. TRAVERSE BAR, operated by a 
slotted lever. The upper pin being fixed or 
made adjustable for proportion to the move- 
ment of the lower pin, any desired movement, 
of the traverse bar may be made. 

1049. RECTILINEAR MOTION by the 
movement of a slotted lever with one end pin- 
ioned. A belt shipper movement. 



MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 



263 




1050. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MO- 
TION from a shaft at right angles. The fric- 
tion rollers on the horizontal shaft disc move 
in grooves or on projections from the wheel 
on the vertical shaft, producing a variety of 
intermittent motions, due to the form of grooves 
or projections. 

105 1. VIBRATING TOOTHED WHEEL. 
— The rod is pressed against the teeth by the 
spring. A type of some electrical devices for 
interrupting the circuit. 



1052. "LAZY TONGS" MOVEMENT. 

— A system of crossed levers by which the 
amount of a rectilinear motion is increased by 
the proportional number of sections in the 
tongs. As a hand device it is in use as a toy, but is more useful as 
a reducing apparatus for a steam-engine indicator. ^ 



1053- QUADRANGULAR RECTILINEAR 
MOTION. — Rectilinear motion given to any one 
of the arms A, B, C, or D gives a contrary motion 
to its opposite arm, and a contrary motion to 
each of the side arms. 





1054. PARALLEL MOTION, in a ver- 
tical line, for a swinging bracket. 



1055. INTERMITTENT MOTION of a pin- 
tooth wheel by the half-revolution of a ring seg- 
ment. 



264 



MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 




1056. INTERMITTENT MOVEMENT 
pin-wheel by the vibration of a hooked arm. 



of a 





1057. INTERMITTENT MOTION of a seg- 
mental-toothed wheel by the revolution of a seg- 
mental barrel or ring. 




1058. INTERMITTENT MOTION of a 
pin-tooth wheel by the revolution of an in- 
dented tooth on a pinion. 



1059. INTERMITTENT MOTION of a toothed 
wheel by the revolution of a pinion with a single 
recessed tooth. 




1060. ROCKING ESCAPEMENT.— The 

section teeth of the wheel pass the eye in the 
rocking cylinder at each quarter, or at each 
half-revolution when revolving. 




1 06 1. ROTARY AND LONGITUDINAL 
MOTION of a rod between rollers, with their 
axes at an angle. Rollers run in opposite 
directions. 



MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 



265 



^ 



<>t" 



d 



1062. RECIPROCATING FEED RATCHET.— 
For an intermittent feed, one pair of jaws may have a 
reciprocating motion. For continual feed motion both 
pairs of jaws should have opposite reciprocating motions 






u 






1063. FRICTION ROD FEED RATCHET.— 

The jaws, being pivoted in a slot in a lever, 
make a powerful and quick grip on a feed 
bar by the motion of the lever bar. 



1064. FRICTION HAULING RATCHET. 

— -A hole bored slanting through a bar D. A slot 
in the side of the bar, for convenience of putting 
on or taking off the rod or rope to be hauled, 
makes a handy clutching device. 



1065. CAM-LEVER GRIP for a rope 
or rod stop. This principle is used on safety 
grips for elevators. 




1066. LEVER TOGGLE JOINT, largely 
used in stamping and punching presses. This 
form shows great pressure when the three bear- 
ings near a linear direction. 



n^,c^y,.u-../.;iM.,V.M01|.:.,i 




1067. SINGLE TOGGLE ARM LETTER- 
PRESS. — The arms are drawn together by a 
right and left screw. 



266 



MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 




1068. TOGGLE-JOINT CAM MOVE- 
MENT for throwing out a number of grips ai 
once by the local movement of the jointed 
ring. 



1069. DOUBLE-SCREW TOGGLE PRESS.— 

The screw has a right- and left-hand thread to draw 
the toggle joints together. 





jljlf> 1070. SCREW STAMPING PRESS.— Rec- 
tilinear motion from the circular motion of the 
lever handles. The momentum of the balls gives 
the final power in this class of presses. 



1071. MULTIPLE RETURN GROOVED 
CYLINDER, producing extended rectilinear 
motion and return by its revolution. The car- 
rier arm has a pivoted tracer to enable a 
smooth passage of the opposite grooves. A 
spooling device. 




1072. RECIPROCATING RECTILINEAR 
MOTION by the alternate opening and closing 
of half nuts on a right and left screw. Nuts and 
arms are attached to a shaft that is thrown over 
by a dog on a spooling-frame shaft, locking the 



right- or left-threaded nut alternately. 




1073. RECTILINEAR MOTION by a 
right- and left-hand screw shaft driven by a 
worm gear. The nuts move on the right and 
left screw. 



MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 



26r 




1074. SIX RADIAL GROOVED TRAMMEL 

and triangular shaft arms, driving or being 
driven by a shaft out of line. The friction 
rollers give freedom of motion to either gear. 




1075. RECTILINEAR RECIPROCAT- 
ING MOTION of a bar, from continuous cir- 
cular motion of a bent shaft. 





1076. ROCKING MOTION, from a contin- 
uous j'otary motion of the crank shaft A. 



1076a. PAIR OF TOE LEVERS.— 

Bell-crank order. A and B, fulcrums of the 
levers; E, handle; C, curved toes. This 
principle is used as a valve gear. 



1077. WIPER CAM for stamp mills. A, the wiper; 
D, flanged chock, allowing the hammer spindle to re- 
volve. Also in use on sewing-machines for throwing the 
needle bar 



268 



MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 




ti- 



1078. ANGULAR WIPERS, for operating the 
valves of beam engines. A, the rock shaft ; C, the 
curved wiper, lifting the angular toe and valve rod. 




1079. EQUALIZING LEVERS OR 
TOES, for variable rod movement. 



1080. VARIABLE CRANK MOTION.— An 

eccentric slot in a stationary' face plate guides a 
slide block and wrist pin in a slotted crank. Con- 
necting rod drives the cutter bar of a shaping- 
machine. 




1 08 1. SPIRAL-GROOVED FACE PLATE, 

for feed motion. Obsolete ; but useful for irregu- 
lar motion, in which the spiral grooves may be 
wavy or zigzag. 



1082. LEVER, guided by a volute face plate. 




1083. CAM SECTORS, or sectors of log- 
spiral wheels. When laid out as a log spiral, 
the sum of each pair of coincident radii is 
equal to the distance of the centres, A, B. 
As a pair of pressure cams, the sum of the 



radii varies to meet the required throw of the cams. 



MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 



269 




4^^> 



1084. GEAR-DISENGAGING CAM 
LEVER. — The eccentric slot in the lever 
throws the slow driving gear out of lock by 
throwing the lever back. 



1085. OBLIQUE DISC MOTION.— A disc 
fixed at an angle upon the end of a shaft gives a 
variable rectilinear motion to a rod and roller by- 
varying its distance from the centre. 



1086. GROOVED CYLINDER CAM.— Used 

to convert reciprocating into rotary motion. 




1087. TRAVERSE MOTION of a shaft 
by a rolling cam. The disc, rolling in the 
groove of the drum, gives an ever-varying 
traverse motion to the disc shaft, according to 
the proportions of the size of disc and cam 
drum. 



1088. FOUR-MOTION FEED of the "Wheeler & Wilson," 
and other sewing-machines. The traverse bar A is forked and en- 
closes the push bar B, pivoted to it, and is held 
back by the spring at D. The revolving cam C 
D ^i^^^ has its periphery cam-shaped, to lift the push bar, 

and its face, also cam-shaped, to push the bar 
forward, when the teeth are in contact with the goods. 





1089. RECIPROCATING RECTILINEAR 
p MOTION, from the circular motion of grooved 
cams ; may be made uniform or intermittent, by the 
direction of the groove on the cam. 



^7° 



MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 



^^^^^^^^^m^^^^^^%%^ 




1090. QUICK RECIPROCATING RECTILI- 
NEAR MOTION, from a zigzag-grooved cam. 
Form oJL cam groove is capable of greatly varying 
ihe rectilinear motions of a bar or lever. 




1091. CYLINDRICAL CAM, giving any re- 
quired special motions through a lever, roller, 
and connecting rod, according to the curves given 
to the cam. 




1092. CAM-OPERATED SHEARS.- 
Many modifications of this device are in use. 




1093. IRREGULAR CAM MOTION to valve 
rods. An irregular cam, acting between friction 
rollers in a yoke frame. Positive irregular rectili- 
near motion. An old steam-engine valve gear. 



:i^go 




1094. VIBRATING RECTILINEAR MOTION, 
from a revolving trefoil cam. 



MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 



271 



1095. IRREGULAR VIBRATING CIRCU- 
LAR MOTION, from continuous circular 
motion of a cam slot. Any form of cam slot in 
a face plate may be made to produce a vibratory 
motion on a crank pin, which may be transmitted to circular or rec- 
tilinear motion. 





1096. CLOVER-LEAF CAM, for rectili- 
near motion by follower rollers on a bar. The 
cam is so designed that the rollers have a bear- 
ing in all its positions. 




1097. POWER ESCAPEMENT 

for heavy machines. The traverse 
bar may be vibrated by the positive 
motion of the cam arms. 




1098. ROTARY MOTION of a three-arm 
wiper produces a reciprocating rectilinear 
motion of the toothed frame, and vice versa. 




1099. IRREGULAR RECIPROCATING 
MOTION of connecting rods and levers, moved 
by alternating oval cams. 




1 100. BEVELLED DISC CAM, for variable 
reciprocating motion of a bar at an angle with the 
shaft. 



272 



MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 




iioi. GROOVED HEART CAM.— The lay- 
out of a grooved cam may be made on the same 
principles as No. 1 103, only that the centre of the 
roller or pin and the central line of groove are 
the measurements for the amount of motion. 




1 102. HEART-SHAPED GROOVE in a face 

plate, vibrating a lever, produces an irregular swing- 
ing motion of the lever. 



1 1 03. LAYING OUT A HEART CAM. — A 

circle is drawn on a radius equal to the required throw, 
S plus the diameter of the roller. A series of con- 
centric circles and radii enables a measured layout 
of the cam , which must be as much larger than the re- 
quired motion as is equal to the radii of the roller on each radius of 
the plan. 





1 104. CAM MOTION.— Various appli- 
cations of cam followers, with direct and 
oscillating motion. 




1 105. DOUBLE-CAM MOTION, 
from a sliding follower. The arm E 
of the follower, slides freely in the 
box, clamped to the vertical shaft, 
giving two equal motions at right 
angles. 



MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 



273 




1 106. PIVOTED FOLLOWER.— 
The square-armed follower, pivoted at 
E and F, is kept in contact with the 
cam by the spring H, and so produce 
dissimilar motions in the connecting 
rods B, J. 




1 107. RECIPROCATING MOTION, from 
two cranks on opposite ends of a shaft. 




1 108. OVOID CURVE is made by any 
point between the pivots of a single-crank con- 
necting rod, the other end of which is guided 
by a rectilinear slide. 



1 1 09. VARIABLE POWER TRANSMIT- 
TED from a crank linked to a lever-beam, 
driving a second crank. In this case there is no 
pressure on the driven crank when both cranks 
are vertical, but greatest pressure when the cranks are horizontal. 





mo. ELLIPTICAL CRANK. — The arm 
moves in a slot. The inner crank pin, making a 
revolution, marks an ellipse by a pencil at the 
outer end of the arm, while the outer crank pin, 



linked to the arm, makes a circle. 




nil. CURVILINEAR MOTION of a treadle 
gives circular motion to a crank or disc. The foot- 
lathe motion. 



274 



MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 






1 1 12. SPRING LATHE-WHEEL CRANK. 
— The spring A is intended to keep the crank oif 
the dead centre. A counterbalance weight is 
also used for the same purpose. 



1 1 13. "BROWNELL" CRANK MOTION.— 
The wrist pin is fixed on a tangent slide held in its 
forward position by a volute spring attached to the 
face plate. The slide is retained by pins in tra- 
verse slots. Can be arranged for either kind of 
treadle, to keep the crank pin off the center. 



1 1 14. ORDINARY CRANK MOTION 

for engines or other purposes, with 
cross head, slides, and connecting 
? rod. 




1 1 15. ECCENTRIC and straps for valve motion, 
also used in place of a crank for many purposes. 



1 1 16. RECIPROCATING MOTION of a 
connecting rod through a bell crank connected 
directly with a wrist on crank disc. In this 
case the forward and back motions are nearly 
alike depending upon the proportional length 
of the driving arm of the bell crank and crank motion, as well also to 
the length of the connecting rod between the wrist pin and bell crank. 




1 1 17. VARIABLE CIRCULAR MOTION from 
two cranks on shafts parallel, but out of line, one 
crank being slotted, the other carrying a wrist pin, 
passing through the slot. Driving may be by either 
crank. 



MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 



275 




1 1 18. IRREGULAR MOTION of one crank 
from the regular motion of another crank. A 
quick-and-slow alternate motion of the slotted 
crank is made by the regular motion of the 
smaller crank. 



. 1 1 19. VARIABLE POWER transmitted 
from a slotted crank driver to a fixed driven 
crank pin through a lever beam, the opposite 
end of which is held by a swinging connecting 
•s.-' rod. The pressure on the driven crank is 

continuous, but greatest on and near the central line of the two shafts. 





1 120. VIBRATING MOVEMENT from a 
slotted curved arm, gives a variable vibrating 
movement to straight arm. 



1 121. VARIABLE CRANK PIN.— A slotted 
face plate backed by a spiral slotted plate by which 
the revolution of one plate upon the other moves a 
crank pin to or from the centre. The same prin- 
ciple is used in the universal lathe chuck in which 
each slot carries a grip jaw. 



1 122. VARIABLE RECTILINEAR MOTION of a 
shaft from a vibrating, curved, slotted arm. 




1 1 23. VARIABLE CRANK THROW by a 
slotted sector on a face plate. 



276 



MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 




1 124. VARIABLE CRANK THROW by a. 
movable pin block in a slotted face plate and trans- 
verse screw. 



1 125. VARIABLE RADIUS LEVER 
for reciprocating motion of a shaft from a 
continuous motion of a crank pin. 




1 126. VARIABLE CRANK THROW. 

— The jointed crank and radial screw give- 
-^ a larp;e variation to the throw of a crank. 



1 127. COMBINATION 
CRANK- MOTION 
CURVES.— A revolving 
\^ crank A, D and the vi- 
brating link B, E carry- 
ing an extended connect- 
5 ing arm with a pencil at 
the end F. A great variety of figures and curves may be made by 
different proportions of all the parts. The figures on the crank pia 
circle D correspond with the figured diagram. 





~J 1 1 28. FLEXIBLE ANGULAR COUPLING, 

for light work. May be a helical spring, round or 
square, wire or a tube, sawed on a spiral. Used on 
driving handles for telescopes and other instruments. 



1 1 29. SLIDING CONTACT-SHAFT COUP- 
LING. — A cross bar sliding in two yokes on 
shafts in offset lines. Will also operate on shafts- 
somewhat out of line or at an angle. 



MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 



277 





1130. RECTILINEAR MOTION from 

the rotation of an angular crank pin. A, 

rotating shaft carrying crank pin E ; D, 

^ arm with sleeve jointed to yoke and sliding 

rod B. 



1 131. ANGULAR SHAFT COUPLING 

for shafts out of line. The solid sleeve block 

C is bored at the same angle of the shafts, 

and centres of bores at a dis- 

tance apart equal to the dif- 

n ■ I ference in the plane of shaft 



alignment. 




1 132. UNIVERSAL JOINT, with a single 
cross link. Good for angles of 45° and under. 

1 133. DOUBLE LINK UNIVERSAL 
JOINT, good for larger angles than above. 
The connecting link may be made short and 
guarded, with a sleeve to prevent kinking. 




1 134. UNIVERSAL ANGLE COUPLING, 

Hooke's " principle. Each shell carries a double 
trunnion ring, the connecting link being pivoted 
at each end to the rings. 



1135. "ALMOND" ANGULAR SHAFT 
COUPLING.— The yoke links G, G are 
pivoted to the sockets on the ends of the 
shaft, and to the right-angled arms on the 
sleeve which slides freely on the fixed shaft 
D. The sockets at F, F are ball joints. 
Angle of shafts may vary within limits. 



278 



MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 




1136. "HOOKE'S" ANGULAR SHAFT 
COUPLING, the knuckle universal joint. Shaft 
joints are double-pivoted at right angles. 



1 137. ANGULAR SHAFT COUPLING. 

— In this arrangement the shafts have cranks 
and elongated crank pins, on which sleeves 
slide that are pivoted to the arms E, E of the 
sliding sleeve on the fixed shaft D. 



1 138. RACK AND PINION MOVE- 
MENT for tracing spiral grooves on a cylin- 
der. 



1 139. GYROSCOPE.— The heavy disc C, 
rotating at great speed in the ring A, is suspend- 
ed by the point F, resting on bearing. The ro- 
tation of the disc keeps it from falling and slowly 
revolves the holding ring A around the point F. 
An illustration of the tendency of rotating bodies 
to preserve their plane of rotation. 




1 140. GLOBE GYROSCOPE.— The outer ring A 
is fixed to a stand. The second ring A^ is pivoted ver- 
tically to the outer ring ; the inner ring is pivoted at 
right angles in the second ring, and the ball is pivoted 
at right angles in the inner ring to its pivot in the sec- 
and ring. This gives the ball, rotating on its own axis^ 
a direction free to move to every point in the sphere. When the 
heavy ball is made to rotate rapidly in any direction of its axis, much 
pressure must be made to change its direction. 



MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 



279 



1 141. TENSION HELICO-VOLUTE 
SPRING. 



1142. DOUBLE HELICO-VOLUTE SPRING, for 

compression. 




1 143. COMPRESSION HELICAL SPRING, square 



rod. 




1 1 44. SINGLE VOLUTE HELIX SPRING. 




1 145. COMPOUND DISC SPRING.— The discs 
are dished and perforated for a guide pin. 



Section XIII. 
HOROLOGICAL. 



CLOCK AND WATCH MOVEMENTS AND DEVICES. 



HOROLOGICAL. 



Clock and Watch Movements and Devices, 




1 1 46. CYCLOIDAL PENDULUM MOVE- 
MENT. — A curved frame, acting as a stop to 
a flexible pendulum, gives the bob a cycloidal 
path. 



--O-' 



c<i^ 



^f 



^, 



1 1 47. COMPENSATING PENDULUM BOB or 

weight. A glass jar of mercury is used for the weight, 
and is adjusted for length of pendulum by turning on the 
screw and locking in place by the cross-piece and catch. 
The expansion of the pendulum downward is balanced by 
the expansion of the mercury in the fixed bottle upward, 
and vice versa. 




W 



^ 



M 



W 



1 1 48. COMPOUND COMPENSATION 
PENDULUM. — The arms of the. pendulum 
carrying the weights W, W are composed of 
two metals ; steel, which has the least change 
of length by change in temperature, for the top 
section, and brass, which has a longer range of 
"-^ length, for the lower section. Heat, by differ- 

ential expansion of the parts, raises the weights to compensate for 
lengthening of the pendulum rod, and vice versa. 




• 1 149. CENTRIFUGAL PENDULUM.— The weight 
or ball is hung by a thread or very fine wire from an eye, 
and is driven in a circle by an arm attached to a vertical 
spindle, rotated by the clock movement. Adjustment is 
made for time of beat by the vertical movement of the 
suspension eye of the pendulum. 



284 



HOROLOGICAL. 




1150. ANTIQUE CLOCK ESCAPE- 
MENT. — The oscillation of the pendulum 
arbor and attached pallet stops and releases 
the teeth of the crown wheel. 




f^^^JjS 



1151. CROWN TOOTH ESCAPEMENT, with 
ball balance. 

B, the stop pallet. 
A, the impulse pallet. 




1 152. DOUBLE RATCHET-WHEEL ESCAPE- 
MENT and pendulum. The teeth in the escapement 
wheels alternate with the pallets of the pendulum. 




1153. STAR-WHEEL ESCAPEMENT.— B, C, the 

pallets of the escapement vibrating on its centre at A ; 
D, star wheel. 



1154. ANCHOR ESCAPEMENT forelocks. 

The anchor pallet H, L, K oscillates on its axis 

a, by the swing of the pendulum. The teeth of 

*%^ the escapement A are radial on their forward 

^ V face, and strike the curved faces of the pallet K or 

>• H, which are concentric with their axis a. By 



this form of teeth and pallets the escapement is 
anchored or in repose during the extreme parts of the pendulum 
stroke, and gives an impulse to the pendulum while the teeth are in 
contact with the planes of the pallets c, e and h^ d. 




HOROLOGICAL. 



285 



1 155. RECOIL ESCAPEMENT. — In this 
form the forward face of the teeth of the escape- 
ment A leans forward from the radial lines. The 
front face of each pallet is in line with the front 
face of the teeth, so that the extreme part of the 
pendulum stroke gives a recoil movement to the 
escapement wheel. The points of the escapement 
teeth, acting upon the planes of the pallets c, e and b^ d, give the im- 
pulse to the pendulum. 





1 156. PENDULUM ESCAPEMENT.— In this form 
the upper part of the pendulum terminates in a ring around 
the escapement wheel, with pallets A, B projecting in- 
ward and with a forward pitch to their face, to give the 
proper impulse to the pendulum. 



1 157. STUD ESCAPEMENT, used in 
large clocks. Alternate studs are set on front 
and back of the escapement wheel. The pen- 
dulum swings on the axis of the pallet at F. 
The concentric curve of the stop-faces of the 
pallet, with its axis at F, gives the escapement 
a dead-beat action, the incline planes of the 
pallets giving the alternate impulse. 




1 158. LANTERN-WHEEL ESCAPEMENT. 
— The pallet arm A is attached directly to the pen- 
dulum, swinging upon the axis A, and receives its 
impulse from the inclined faces of the pallets C, B. 
Used for large clocks. 



1159. PIN-WHEEL ESCAPEMENT, with a 
dead-beat stop motion. For short-beat pendulum 
clocks. 



286 



HOROLOGICAL. 




O 




1160-1161. HOOK-TOOTH ESCAPEMENT. 

— The teeth are arranged alternately on two 
escapement wheels. The oscillation of the semi- 
circular pallet alternately releases and receives an 
impulse from the hook teeth of the escapement 
wheel. The curved outer face of the teeth acts 
upon the edge of the straight edge of the disc. 




1 162. SINGLE-PIN PENDULUM ESCAPEMENT. 

— The pin is set in a small face plate close to the arbor, 
which makes a half-rotation at each stroke of the pendu- 
lum. The impulse is given on the vertical faces of the 
quarter sections in the pendulum. 




1 163. THREE-TOOTHED ESCAPEMENT 
with long teeth and stops on the pendulum frame. 
A, B, pallets ; E, D, stops. A nearly dead-beat 
movement. 



1 1 64. DETACHED PENDULUM ES- 
CAPEMENT. — In this movement the pendu- 
lum is detached from the escapement, except 
at the moment of receiving the impulse from 
the single pallet I. The bell-crank lever un- 
locks the escapement tooth by contact with the 
balanced click C as the pendulum nears the middle of its stroke. 




HOROLOGICAL. 



287 




1 165. THREE-TOOTHED ESCAPE- 
MENT for a pendulum. The pallets are made 
in a plate attached to a pendulum. The es- 
capement makes one rotation to every three 
beats of the pendulum. 

1 166. MUDGE GRAVITY ESCAPEMENT. 

— The pallets A, B are on separate arbors, with 
arms extending down to the pendulum contact 
pins R, P, between which the pendulum swings. 
The pallets are loaded with weights. The pen- 
dulum lifts the pallet over the tooth, and the 
weight gives the impulse. 



1 167. TRI-TOOTH PENDULUM ESCAPE- 
MENT. — Impulse is given to the pendulum by con- 
tact of the pins against the pallets A and B alternately. 
The stops D and E hold the escapement during the 
extreme part of the pendulum stroke. The escapement 
makes one rotation every third stroke of the pendu- 
lum. The fly softens the strike of the pins upon the 
pallets. 



1 168. "HARRISON " WINDING DE- 
VICE for clocks, and which may also be 
adapted to a spring barrel. G is the driving 
spur gear. The larger ratchet has a fixed 
check pawl, T ; is loose on the arbor, but at- 
tached to the gear wheel by a curved spring, 
S, S'. The smaller ratchet is fixed to the 
winding barrel and arbor. The spring and 
pawl R are pivoted to the larger ratchet, and stop the barrel against 
the weight W. The curved spring S is compressed and drives the 
gear wheel, and by its elasticity continues, while winding, by the check 
pawl T falling into the teeth of the large ratchet. 




C^ 



288 



HOROLOGICAL. 




1 1 69. DOUBLE TRI-TOOTH PENDU- 
LUM ESCAPEMENT with fly regulator. 
The alternate teeth of the escapement lock on 
opposite sides of the pallet frame. The im- 
pulse is given by the small triangular arbor 
striking the curved pallets. 



iiyo. "BLOXAM'S" GRAVITY ESCAPE- 
MENT. — The pallets receive an impulse from the 
small toothed wheel, the long arms of which are 
stopped by the studs A and B alternately. The 
studs at F and E are the fork pins which embrace 
the pendulum bar. 




1 171. DEAD-BEAT CLOCK ESCAPEMENT.— 

The face of teeth is slightly pitched forward. The 
stop-faces of the pallets A, B are concentric with the 
axis, which gives the dead-beat stop. 




1 172. ENDLESS CORD-WINDING DEVICE 
for clocks. The cord runs over grooved pullies. P 
is the driving wheel, and / the ratchet winding ar- 
bor, the turning of which by crank, key, or by pulling 
the cord b raises the driving weight W, and lowers 
the balance weight w. By this device the movement 
of the escapement is not suspended while winding 
the clock. 



HOROLOGICAL. 



289 




1 1 73. CLOCK TRAIN, showing the method 
of sustaining the movement of the train dur- 
ing the time of winding. The bent spring 
keeps a tension on the large gear by the lock- 
ing of the large ratchet to which the bent spring 
is attached, when the winding of the barrel can. 
be made without a back-set in the train. 

See No. 1168. 



roi 




the weights. 



1 1 74. COMPENSATION WATCH BAL- 
ANCE. — At the ends of the balance bar are at- 
tached compound sector bars, the inner section 
of which is of steel, and the outer section of brass. 
The weights b^ b regulate the momentum of the 
balance wheel, while the change in length of the 
arms is compensated by a reverse distance of 
Adjustment is made by moving the weights along the 



compensating sector. 




1 175. WATCH REGULATOR.— The outer 

end of the balance spring is fixed to a stud at 
R, and the inner end to the balance wheel 
arbor. The index hand carries two curb pins 
at P, between which the spring vibrates, form- 
ing a neutral point in its length which limits 
the arc of movement of the balance wheel, and 

by its change of position (by moving the index hand) adjusts the time 

beat of the balance wheel. 




1 1 76. ANTIQUE WATCH ESCAPE- 
MENT. — A pinion on the balance-wheel arbor 
meshes in a crown gear, on the shaft of which 
a mutilated screw of large pitch releases the 
teeth of the escapement and gives an impulse 
by the incline of the screw. 



19 



•90 



HOROLOGICAL. 






1 177. VERGE ESCAPEMENT.— The arms of 
the escapement are set at an angle with each other, 
and its oscillation allows a tooth of the crown 
wheel to pass with each oscillation. 



1178. CYLINDER ESCAPEMENT, shows 

the form of the cylinder, and 1179 shows the 
method of action. The oscillation of the cyl- 
inder allows the teeth of the escapement wheel 
to pass under the open hollow side and stop 
against its outside. The impulse from the 
escapement teeth is given to the edge of the 
cylindrical section. 

1 180. DUPLEX ESCAPEMENT.— A, the 
balance-wheel stop; B, the oscillating pallet 
fixed to the balance-wheel shaft and adjusted to 
receive a strong impulse from the studs <?, a, a 
at the moment the escapement tooth falls into 
the notch in the stop A. 




1181. JEWELLED DETACHED LEVER 
ESCAPEMENT.— D, E, jewel pallets; J, roll 
jewel in the arbor disc ; L, M, lever stops ; H, 
balance-wheel stop. 




1 182. "GUERNSEY" ESCAPEMENT, con- 
sisting of two balance wheels driven in opposite 
directions by an inside and outside sector gear 
on the pallet lever, with the ring guard around 
the escapement axle. To prevent stopping of a 
watch by a jar. 



HOROLOGICAL. 



291 




1 183. ANCHOR AND LEVER ESCAPE- 
MENT for watches. " Reed's " patent. 




1 184. LEVER ESCAPEMENT.— The 
anchor pallet B is attached to the lever C E, 
at the end E of which is a notch to receive 
the pin in the balance-wheel disc D. The im- 
pulse is given to the balance wheel at the 
middle of its oscillation by the escape of the 
teeth from the stop surface to the impulse 
planes of the pallets. 



© 



1 185. LEVER CHRONOMETER ESCAPE- 

. y- — ^ ^.^ J MENT, single-pallet impulse. The lever pallets 
I I \\T' I alternately lock the escapement by the throw of 
. — ^^ — . r^U t^^ lever ; the oscillating pin on the pallet disc 
^\^|y\4ib/ drops into the fork of the lever, throwing it 
against the stop pins at its other end. 



1 186. " ARNOLD " CHRONOMETER 
ESCAPEMENT.— The spindle of the oscillat- 
ing pallet a carries a small stud that vibrates 
the light spring i, in the hook k, of the stop 
spring A. The stop a catches and holds a tooth 
of the escapement while a reverse oscillation of the pallet a is made, 
when the stop d is lifted by the action of the stud at a^ and an im- 
pulse given to the balance wheel by the tooth ;z, striking the face of 
the notch at h in the pallet. 





1 187. FUSEE CHAIN AND SPRING 
DRUM, used in watch and clock move- 
ments. This device compensates for 
the variation in the force of the spring. 



292 



HOROLOGICAL. 



■<r5^^ 



1 188. CHRONOMETER ESCAPEMENT. — 
P, the impulse pallet on the arbor disc of the 
balance wheel ; V, a release tooth on the arbor 
which strikes the end of the stop lever and releases 
the escapement at the moment that the tooth 
A falls in mesh with the pallet P. At the return 
_ oscillation of the balance wheel the tooth V on 

the arbor carries the spring forward, holding the lever and catch in 
lock against the pin E. 



c 




1 189. "GENEVA STOP." — A winding-up stop 
used on watches. Winds as many turns of the wheel 
A as there are notches in wheel B, less one. The 
curve a b IS the stop. 




1 190. GEARED WATCH STOP. 
the two arms makes the stop. 



Contact of 







1 191. WATCH STOP. — The number of turns of the 
ratchet pinion is limited by the number of teeth in the 
stop. The pin moves one tooth for each turn. 



1192. STEM-WINDING 
MOVEMENT of a watch. The 
movement of the lever with an 
arm outside of the rim locks a 
clutch on the hand gear. The 
third arm of the lever is thrown 
beyond the rim to prevent clos- 
ing the case until the clutch is 
unlocked. 




HOROLOGICAL. 



293 




1193. PIN-GEARED WATCH STOP. — The 
winding stops at the convex tooth of the stop. 



1 194. WATCH TRAIN. 

«, key stem. 

b^ barrel and spring. 

c^ <?, //, 2, pinions. . 

d^ h, spur wheels. 

/, /, pallets and escapement 

k, lever and balance wheel. 



Section XIV. 
MINING. 

QUARRYING, VENTILATION, HOISTING, CONVEYING, PULVER- 
IZING, SEPARATING, ROASTING, EXCAVATING, 
AND DREDGING. 



MINING. 

Quarrying, Ventilation, Hoisting, Conveying, Pulverizing, Separating, 
Roasting, Excavating, and Dredging. 




H95. DIAMOND PROSPECTING 
DRILL, operated by hand. The drill rod is 
hollow, with a hose connection at the top, 
through which water is forced to the bottom 
afid up outside of the drill to wash out the bor- 
ings. The drill point is set with bort or black 
diamonds, and is revolved quickly by the cranks 
and bevel gear. 



1196. ROCK DRILL, " Ingersoll " model. The 
loaded tripod gives stability to the reciprocating 
action of the drill. 



1 197. DIAMOND WELL-BORING 
MACHINE. — A small oscillating engine 
and gear train drives the hollow boring 
auger at great speed, and also serves to 
hoist the drill rods by the drum and a 
rope over the block in the top of the 
derrick frame. Water is fed through the 
hollow drill rod by a pump. 



298 



MINING. 




PORTABLE DIAMOND DRILL, for 

tunnel work or mine drifting. A swivelled hose 
connection for feeding water to the drill. Screw- 
jacks in the frame for clamping. Hand-driven by- 
crank and speed gear. 



1 199. ARC TAPPET VALVE MO- 
TION, for a rock drill. The valve is 
moved on a circle radial with the tappet 
centre, and is thrown by the tappet-arm 
contact with the shoulders on the piston. 
" Sergeant " model. 

1200. TAPPET VALVE, for a 
rock drill. The ports are radial, 
and are opened and closed by the 
swing of the valve on its centre. 
The valve is thrown by the shoul- 



ders on the piston, striking the valve arms. " Sergeant " model. 

1 201. ROCK DRILL, with balanced piston valve, which is 
thrown by compressed air inlet through ports opened by the recipro- 
cal motion of 



the piston. B, 
piston ; M, ro- 
tation device. 
"Ingerso'll " 
— model, 

1202. ROCK DRILL, with balanced piston valve, which is 

thrown by a 
ported sector, 
moved by im- 
pact with the 
recessed shoul- 





ders on the piston. " Sergeant " model. 



MINING. 



299 




1203. COAL-CUTTING MACHINE, '' Ingersoll-Sergeant " 
model. The piston and drill rod are automatically operated by the 
alternating motion of two piston valves. Operated by compressed 
air, and only has to be held against the coal wall to under-cut, when 
the face can be broken down. 




1204. LINK CHAIN CUTTER, used in 
coal-cutting machines. 




1205. DRILL FOR CURVED 
HOLES, used in coal mining. The 
drill is on the end of a curved tube, and 
is driven by a flexible shaft. The tube 
is fed forward by a pivoted arm and 
worm gear. 




1206. BOX-WING BLOWER.— The dis- 
charge openings of the disc are rectangular, 
with the sides enclosed. Made of sheet metal. 




1207. MULTIPLEX BUTTERFLY 
VALVE, for ventilating shafts. 



300 



MINING. 




1208. STEAM-DRIVEN VENTI- 
LATING FAN.— Type of those used in 
the coal-mining districts. The fan wheel 
may be encased in an iron or wooden shell. 



1209. MINER'S SAFETY LAMP.— The flame 
is surrounded with wire gauze and a double wire 
gauze cap. In explosive mine gases, the firing of 
the incoming air and gas takes place on the inside 
of the wire gauze. The flame does not pass 
through fine wire gauze. The course of air for 
the lamp burner is shown by the arrows. 




12 10. HORSE-POWER HOIST- 
ING DRUM, double speed. The 
speed is changed by dropping one 
or the other driving gear by the le- 
vers. A release for running back is 
made by turning the crank which 
disengages the gear clutch. 




12 1 1. STEAM HOISTING ENGINE, 
with flat chain drum and reversing link. 
The flat chain winds upon itself on a 
narrow drum. 



MINING. 



3or 




12 12. STRAP BRAKE, used on hoisting 
drums and wheels. The strap is usually made of 
a steel band with its ends jointed to a lever. 



1213. ELEVATOR TOWER with inclined 
boom. The bucket is lifted to the trolley by 
the double tackle, drawn up the incline, and 
the load dumped automatically into a car. 



12 14. HORIZONTAL BOOM TOWER, 
with traversing trolley and automatic shovel 
bucket. 




1215. MAST AND GAFF HOIST, 
for unloading coal barges to an elevated 
track. A portable boiler and steam hoist 
or an electric motor hoist, with occasionally 
a horse pull, are the motive powers. 



12 16. COAL-LOAD- 
ING TIPPLE and sort- 
ing screens for loading 
cars. The screens are 
inclined at the sliding 
angle and drop the slack, 
pea, nut, and lump inta 
separate cars. 



302 



MINING. 




1217. "OTIS STOP" for elevator cars. B, 
car frame sliding on the ratchet posts A, A; 
d^ d are the stop-dogs operated by bell-crank 
levers to thrust the dogs into the ratchets on the 
release of the eye bar b^ by a break in the rope 
or hoisting machine. The spring c quickens the 
operation of throwing out the dogs. 



1 2 18. ELEVATOR DUMPING HEAD, 

showing method of inverting the buckets 
over a hopper spout. 




1 2 19. ELEVATOR DUMPING HEAD.— An 
•w — ^ inverted sector frame guides the bucket chain under 
the head wheel, wdiich allows the buckets a clean 
discharge. 





MINING BUCKETS 
AND SKIP. 

1220. d^ Cornish kibble. 

1 22 1. r,Hoopedstraight 
bucket. 

1222. /;, Water bucket. 

1223. <;z. Tram skip. 



1224. BELT CONVEYOR.— A series 
of horizontal and inclined rollers serve to 
turn up the edges of a belt, enabling the 
material carried to be retained on the belt ; 
the belt returning on the horizontal rollers 
below. 



MINING. 



3°3 




1225. CHAIN SCRAPER CON- 
VEYOR. — A chain supported on rollers 
and axles to which scrapers are fixed 
that fit the conveyor trough. 



1226. CABLE CONVEYOR.— Discs 
fixed to a cable running in a trough and 
returning overhead. 



again into position for their next push 



1227. DRIVING MECHANISM for a 
coal or grain conveyor. " Hunt " model. 
The heart cam is fixed. The face plate car- 
rying the pawls revolves with the driving 
gear. The cam guides the pawls to lock 
with the pins in the chain and lifts them 




1228. LOG CONVEYOR.— A link cham 
with hooks running in a trough. 



1229. ROPE TRAMWAY, over- 
head system. Elevation, showing 
the switch rails for transferring the 
carrier bucket around the terminal to 
the return rope. Loading or unload- 
ing of the bucket is done at the 
transfer switch. 

1230. Plan showing the crossing 
of the switch rail over the carrier 
rope. 



304 



MINING. 




1231. AUTOMATIC DUMP- 
ING CAR. — The floor of the 
car slopes upward to the centre 
at an angle that will allow the 
material to slide out. A chock 
at any point desired for dump- 
ing trips the holding-lever and 
releases both side doors at once. 




1232. TOGGLE JOINT, for a stone breaker. 




1233. STONE CRUSEER.-The 
power is transmitted from tne driving 
shaft by a cam operating a vertical con- 
necting link and toggle jointo " Blake " 
pattern. 



1234. "BUCHANAN" ROCK 
CRUSHER. — An eccentric on the driving 
shaft and toggle arm gives a powerful 
pressure to the crusher jaws. The adjust- 
ment is made by the back screws and side 
rods to set up the outside jaw. 



1235. ROLLER COAL CRUSHER. 

— Driven by a direct-connected steam 
engine with screw gear. 



MINING. 



S^S 




1236. EIGHT-STAMP ORE MILL, 
for pulverizing gold quartz or other ores. 
Cams on a power-driven shaft lift the 
bars successively to equalize the belt 
tension. 



1237. ROLLING CRUSHER.— The "Aras- 
tra." Rolling wheels on a cross arm of a verti- 
cal shaft. 



238. "ARASTRA" ORE MILL.— 

Two heavy rolls revolving in a circular 
trough, driven through a central shaft 
and overhead gear. 



1239. "CHILI" MILL.— A three-roller 
ore mill. Rollers carried around by a shaft 
and three-armed crab. Ore is fed inside 
the rollers. The crushed ore washes into the 
annular trough and is carried to the amalga- 
mators. 




1240. PULVERIZING BALL AND PAN MILL. 
— The pan is continually tilted by being swung around 
the vertical centre, rolling the ball down the slope side 
of the pan. 



3o6 



MINING. 



1241. REVOLVING PULVER- 
IZING MILL,— The material is 
reduced to a fine powder by the 
high-speed impact of the revolving 
arms, within an iron casing. 

" Frisbe-Loucop " model. 

1242. HYDRAULIC 
BALANCED GIANT 
NOZZLE.— Used in hy- 
draulic mining for washing 
away gravel banks. The 

nozzle turns on a movable joint at B B, and also in the vertical by the 

socket at E. 

1243. COAL DUST PRESS for 
bituminous coal. The fine dust is fed 
down from a hopper. The nozzle has a 
slight taper, which gives the ram suffi- 
cient resistance to produce a solid cake at each stroke. 






1244. KLONDIKE MIN- 
ING MACHINE.— The gold- 
bearing gravel is shovelled 
into the hopper and is fed to 
the riffle pan, which is vibrated 
by the pump handle. The 
pump supplies water to the 
riffle pan, from which it falls 

into the settling pan beneath, and is kept from freezing by a fire 

underneath. " Lancaster " model. 



1245. GOLD SEPARATOR; dr>^ process. 
A bellows furnishes an air blast, w^hich separates 
the fine sand and dust from the gold on the riffle 
screen and blows the dust away. 




MINING. 



307 




1246. CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATOR.— 

A central revolving shaft carries a set of conical 
perforated plates, between which perforated 
plates are fixed to the shell of the machine. 
Grain or other material is fed at the top, and 
an air blast at the bottom. Centrifugal action 
discharges the material at the periphery of the 
revolving plates, returning by gravity on the 
fixed plates. 




<?.^rfw^«_ 1247. MAGNETIC ORE SEP- 

ARATOR, "Buchanan "type. Two 
cylinders, magnetized by powerful 
horseshoe electro-magnets, are re- 
volved at considerable speed. The 
pulverized ore is fed from hoppers 
on top of the rolls ; the iron is held 
to the rolls and thrown off after 
passing the chutes. The tailings drop directly into a box. 
1247 ^. Front end view. 



1248. IRON ORE SEPARA- 
TOR, " Buchanan " model. The 
pulverized ore is fed from a hop- 
per to a revolving, drum, a section 
on each side of which is magne- 
tized by a fixed electro-magnet. 
The magnetic particles are carried 
around by the drum to a part of 
the neutral section and discharged. 
An apron below, travelling over 
magnetic rollers, further separates 
the ore. 





^S^:/'^ J^ ■"' 'Misiitui-mmi^^^!^!!^,''"r^ '. 



F^T.-Jt'P 



1249. RAILWAY STEAM 
SHOVEL, the " Bucyrus " model. 
For railway or other excavating on 
movable trucks. 



io8 



MINING. 




pass the bottom side of the drum. 

thrown off, and drop into a separate compartment 



1250. MAGNETIC ORE 
SEPARATOR, " Hoffman '» 
type. The pulverized iron 
ore is fed to a travelUng ap- 
ron, which passes over a series 
of magnets beneath the apron 
and over a drum where the 
magnetized iron particles are 
held to the belt until they 
The unmagnetized particles are 



1251. MAGNETIC ORE SEPARATOR, "Edison" type. A 
series of electro-magnets are set behind a vertically moving apron 

against which the 
pulverized ore is 
discharged from a 
hopper spout. The 
concentrates move 
along the line of 
magnets by the ac- 
tion of the apron, 
and fall into buck- 
ets attached to the apron, and are carried over the top, while the 
tailings are drawn away from the front by an exhaust blower. 





1252. ORE ROASTING 
FURNACE, revolving type. 
The large cylinder takes 
charge by the manholes, and 
revolves on power-driven rol- 
lers. The furnace is on a 
truck to be removed when 
required. The heated gases. 



pass through the revolving cylinder and to a chimney. 



MINING. 



309 




1253. RAILWAY EXCAVATOR, 
the " Otis " pattern. 




1254. RAILWAY STEAM 
SHOVEL, the "Victor" model. 
For excavating railway cuts, or gen- 
eral work on temporary rails. 




1255. CONTINUOUS DITCHING 
DREDGE. — Discharging overhead 
on the banks by a carrier from under 
the bucket discharge. 




1256. CLAM-SHELL BUCKET, for 
dredging. Operated by a double chain. 
One chain is attached to the joint of the 
long arms, the other chain passes around 
a sheave in the joint of the lazy tongs 
that opens the bucket, and is made fast to 
the first chain. The bucket is suspended 
by the first-named chain to keep it open, 
the second chain is then pulled to close the bucket on its load. 




1257. REVOLVING HOISTING 
DREDGE, balanced on railway 
truck. " Lancaster " pattern, w>th 
clam-shell bucket. 



3i- 



MINING. 




1258. FLOATING DREDGE, 
" Osgood " pattern. For bar- 
bor and channel dredging. 




1259. MARINE DREDGE, 

7|rjp:j; — > discharging on the shore 
through a long floating pipe- 
Pipe buoyed by pontoons.. 
For harbor work. 



Section XV, 
MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 

HANGERS, SHAFT BEARINGS, BALL BEARING'S, STEPS, COUP- 
LINGS, UNIVERSAL AND FLEXIBLE COUPLINGS, 
CLUTCHES, SPEED GEAR, SHOP TOOLS, 
SCREW THREADS, HOISTS, MA- 
CHINES, TEXTILE AP- 
PLIANCES, ETC. 



MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 

Hangers, Shaft Bearings, Ball Bearings, Steps, Couplings, Universal 

AND Flexible Couplings, Clutches, Speed Gears, Shop 

Tools, Screw Threads, Hoists, Machines, 

Textile Appliances, Etc. 




1260. ADJUSTABLE BRACKET 
HANGER. 



1261. ADJUSTABLE FLOOR BEARING 

for vertical shaft. 

1262. Elevation. 



1263. Section. 



1264. Plan 



3^4 



MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 




1265. ADJUSTABLE POST HANGER. 



1266. ADJUSTABLE FLOOR STAND, 

shaft bearing. 



1267. CONTINUOUS TRAVERSING 
ROLLER or ball bearing for an axle. 



1268. ROLLER WHEEL ANTLFRICTION 
BEARING. 



1269. BALL BEARINGS in anadjustable journal box. Aloosesleeve 

is inserted between 
the balls and the shaft 
to prevent wear of 
shaft, and to prevent 
clogging if a ball 
should break. The 
shaft will then turn 
in the sleeve. 




1270. Longitudinal section. 



MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 



315 




127 1. ADJUSTABLE HANGER for shafting. 
A, drop of the hanger. Jointed cap to allow of 
removal of shaft. 



1272. SCREW TRAVERSING 
BALL BEARING, with balls retufning 
through outside passage. Grooves re- 
cessed in shaft. 




1273. SCREW TRAVERSING 
BALL BEARING. The balls returning 
by a side passage. Ball grooves enlarged 
for full strength of shaft. 



274. HANGING SHAFT on ball bearings. 



1275. SUSPENDED SHAFT on ball bearings. 



1276. CURVED STEP BEARING, with oil 



reservoir. 



3i6 



MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 




1277. CONICAL PIVOT BEARING and adjust- 
ing screw. 



1278. LUBRICATION OF A HANGING 
BEARING by hydraulic pressure. Oil is 
forced into the grooves of the bearing through 
the small holes and discharges into the cup 
around the outside. 



1279. VERTICAL SHAFT STEP.— Made 
adjustable by a movable bearing held by set 
screws in the foot block. 




1280. SHAFT STEP ADJUSTMENT for 
spindles of millstones. 



1281. ADJUSTABLE STEP BEARING, 
with hard bronze bush and step. A mor- 
tise through the iron base and a key drawn 
with a screw extension and nut are for verti- 
cal adjustment. 




1282. COLLAR BEARING AND STEP 
for a vertical shaft. The thrust sleeve of 
bronze is split and should have a key to pre- 
vent rotation. 



MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 



2>n 




1283. OIL CIRCULATING STEP for a 
vertical shaft. The foot of the shaft has a 
groove cut across its centre. The cast-iron 
bearing has a hole down the centre to meet a 
cross hole from the oil well. The joint of the 
sleeve and step is packed oil tight, oil being 
fed at the upper end of the sleeve. 

1284. LENTICULAR BEARING for a 
vertical shaft. Each section is lubricated 
by the pressure oil feed from beneath, 
through the central hole. The concave discs 
are of hard bronze, and the convex discs of 
steel. The shaft terminates in a steel toe, c. 
The cast-iron step is chambered for water 
circulation. 




L : 



E 



^ 



1285. SPHERICAL STEP BEARING.— Two 

semi-spheres, rolling on a horizontal shaft, support 
a vertical shaft having a concave spherical end. 
The semi-spheres roll in opposite directions in oil, 
and by the cross direction of the bearing surfaces 
preserve a perfect contact. 



1286. ANGLE COUPLING for shafts. The 
jointed rod on one shaft slides in the bent crank 
eye of the other shaft. For small angles and light 
work. 

1287. "OLDHAM" COUPLING 

for shafts slightly eccentric 
in alignment. The double- 
splined disc B runs free 
against the grooved face 
plates A, C. 

1288. Disc showing grooves 
at right angles, front and back. 




3i8 



MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 



LEATHER LINK 




1289. FLEXIBLE LINK 
COUPLING.— The end of each 
shaft is fitted with a four-armed 
hub. A series of leather links is 
inserted between the arms of one 
hub and those of the other hub, 
and secured with stud bolts. 

1290. Side view. 



1 291. FLEXIBLE SHAFT COUPLING.— A ball and socket 
shaft ends with a slot in the ball and a mortise in the socket at right 

angles, in which the right- 
angled cross piece has a free 




sliding motion. 

1292. The cross key 
perspective at the right. 



m 




1293. 



ANGLE SHAFT COUPLING, 
" Robes " patent. The shaft heads 
are slotted, in which cross bars 
are pivoted ; the ends of the cross 
bars are also pivoted to the arms 
of the double yoke, giving a free 
motion to the driven shaft at any 
angle greater than a right angle. 




1294. UNIVERSAL 
shafting. Ring gimbal. 



JOUN"T, for 



1295. "HOOKE'S" UNIVERSAL JOINT.— 
One shaft end is keyed into a ball with trun- 
nions, which turn in a ring with trunnions at 
right angles Avith the ball trunnions. The ring 
trunnions turn in the outer shell to which the 
other shaft is keyed. 



MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 



319 





1296. ''GOUBET'S" UNIVERSAL 
SHAFT COUPLING.~-A, A, shafts; 

C, a trunnion ring recessed in a ball, 

D. Each shell is alike, and in itself 
a universal joint for 45° . Both to- 
gether equal to 90°. 



1297. BALL SOCKET UNIVER- 
SAL JOINT.— A ball with grooves 
around it at right angles and bearing 
in the spherically recessed ends of the 
shafts. Straps fitted in the grooves, 
and screwed in slots in the shaft, hold 
the ball in position. 



1298. BALL SOCKET UNIVERSAL JOINT.— 
A ball with grooves cut entirely 
around it at right angles. The 
tongued shaft ends have straps 
extending entirely around the 
ball to hold the joints together. 




1299. RIGHT- ANGLE SHAFT COUPLING, 

" Hobson " and other patents. Right-angle 
crank pins revolve and slide in holes in the shaft 
couplings. 



1300. RIGHT- ANGLE SHAFT COUP- 
LING, " Hobson " patent. — A number of 
right-angle steel rods move freely in per- 



forated guide flanges on the ends of shafts that run at 
right angles. The rods draw out and in through the 
flanges to suit the conditions of revolution of the shafts. 
A larger angle rod serves as a centre bearing over which 
the shafts revolve. 



320 



MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 




-^xw 



1301. ECCENTRIC LINE COUP- 
LING. — Face plates, fixed to ends of 
shafting considerably out of line but 
parallel, may be connected by four or 
five bars with offsets to clear each other 
in their revolution on the face plates. 

1302. Side view of offset links. 




1303. SIMPLE FRICTION PULLEY.— The 

self-acting clutch arms act upon the pulley rim in 
one direction only. When shaft motion is reversed, 
the pulley is free. 




1304. FRICTION CLUTCH.— A conical- 
grooved pulley and clutch rim. The clutch 
slides on the shaft and feather, and is controlled 
by a lever and carrier in the grooved hub. 




1305. V-GROOVED FACE CLUTCH.— 
A very effective clutch with teeth of small 
angle. 




1306. CLUTCH AND GEAR.— The 

clutch slides on the feathered shaft, and 
throws the gear into motion by the operation 
of the bell-crank lever and runner. 



MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 



321 




1307. CONE CLUTCH.— Can be made at 
any angle greater than will cause the clutch tO' 
stick. 



1308. MULTIPLE PLATE FRICTION CLUTCH.— Several 

plates of iron or steel are fitted loosely on a three-feather shaft, be- 
tween which plates of wood or other hard material, sometimes steel, 

are placed and 
keyed in an iron 
housing or coup-- 
ling to move 
loosely on the 
keys. The coup- 
ling is keyed to 
the next shaft in 

line. A follower sleeve and springs compress the plates, giving a very 
large frictional surface, which is relieved by drawing the sleeve back 
by a yoke lever. 

1309. Section showing stops in outer case and keys on shaft. 





1310. FRICTION CLUTCH, 
outside view, with toggle-joint 
thrust, sleeve, and yoke lever. 



131 1. Section of outside 
bearing, clutch, toggle joint, 
and sleeve. 



322 



MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 





13 1 2. PIN CLUTCH.— The pin plate is 
fast on the shaft. The hole plate slides on a 
feather, and is operated by a bell-crank Y-lever 
in a hub slot. 



1313. FRICTION PIN CLUTCH.— 

A or B may be the driving shaft ; ^ is a 
friction band that slips to prevent shock 
when the pins are thrown into contact 
with it. 



1314. FRICTION CLUTCH. 

— The two sections of the friction 
ring are pressed out by right and 
left screws, operated by a sliding 
spool on the shaft and the toggle- 
joint connections, /, /'. 

13 1 5. Longitudinal section. 



1316. FRICTION CLUTCH BEVEL 
GEAR. — A A is a driving shaft extended 
through the gear hubs ; gear a is fast on 
the shaft ; gear b is loose on the shaft, with 
a friction clutch fixed in position by a lever 
extension not shown. Clutch is tightened 
by the screw handle/", when the gear e c ro- 
tates to drive gear h. The pinions are 
pivoted in the plane of gear e c. 



1317. SPRING FRICTION 
CLUTCH.— The lever handle, 
eccentric, and link are held in 
position by the arm A. The 
springs keep the cones closed 
for driving. The throw of the 
handle forward in the direction 
of the arrow pushes the inner 
cone back and releases the 
grip. 



MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 



3^3 




1318. DOUBLE TOGGLE-JOINT 
FRICTION CLUTCH. — The move- 
ment of the grooved sleeve J opens or 
closes the grip A, upon the rhn wheel C. 
The lever H throws the toggle links E, F 
into line for the grip. 



13 19. ADJUSTABLE FRICTION 
CLUTCH, with double-grip bearings. Ad- 
justment tightness is made by locked set 
screws in the arm of the bell-crank levers. 
The jaws are held open by a ring spring 
running around the clutch. 



1320. DOUBLE-CONIC ROPE 

DRUM. — Used on some forms of 

— -' winding engines, and as a fusee in 
a spinning mule. 



1321. VARIABLE SPEED DE- 
VICE. — Transmission is made by a 
stiff belt running over two coned spools, 
which have their inside cone bearings 



simultaneously changed to meet require- 
ment for equal belt tension, by two 
levers pivoted to nuts on a right- and 
left-hand screw, with a fulcrum central between the shafts. Both ex- 
panding spools slide on feathered shaft keys. 



324 



MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 




1322. EXPANDING PULLEY or wheel. 
The rim sections screw into a central hub. 



1323. VARIABLE SPEED DE- 
VICE. — An internal driving-cone pul- 
ley, with a smaller cone pulley rolling 
on its internal surface on a shaft 
parallel with the driving shaft, but 
drawn eccentric to it for higher speed 
by an inclined slide operated by a lever, rock shaft, and crank con- 
nection. 



324- 



VARIABLE 



A thin disc is fast on the counter shaft 




SPEED TRANSMITTING DEVICE. — 

Two discs drive the speed 
shaft, between which and 
the driving disc are two 
rollers pivoted to trans- 
verse spindles. The rol- 
lers are kept to their slow- 
speed position between the 
discs by springs. A con- 
necting rod draws the rol- 
lers toward the high-speed 
position. Friction press- 
ure on the rollers is made 
by a spring pressing the 
discs together. 




1325. BELT HOLDER, "Wellington'^ 
model. Does away with a loose pulley. The 
belt is guided on to a set of rollers in a fixed 
frame at the side of the driving pulley. Saves 
time and avoids danger in putting on belts. 



MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 



325 




1326. JOINTED RADIAL ARM, for 

y drilling machines, marble polishing, and 
other similar machines. Elevation. 

1327. Plan, showing joints and action. 



1328. DRILLING MACHINE CLAMP.— 

A handy tool about a drill press. The shank is 
pushed loosely throug!i a hole in the drill-press 
table until the lever bears on the work, when a 
turn on the set- screw makes a tight grip. 




1329. SCREW BENCH CLAMP, for cabinet- 
makers. 




1330. AUTOMATIC BENCH CLAMP, 

for carpenters and cabinet-makers. Used for 
holding work on the fiat. 




1331. AUTOMATIC BENCH CLAMP 

used by carpenters and cabinet-makers for 
holding work on edges for planing. 





1332. WOOD- BENDING 
CLAMPS AND FORMERS.— 

Strips of wood are thoroughly 
steamed and bent while hot over 
the formers and clamped. 

1332A. Offset clamp. 

1333. Thill clamp. 

1334. Bend clamp. 



326 



MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 




1335. BOILER TUBE EXPANDER.— A 
series of sets surrounding a conical driving pin. 
" Prosser " percussion type. A guard ring fixes 
the proper position of the expanding grooves of 
the sectional sets to match the tube head. 

1336. Longitudinal section. 




1337. ROLLER TUBE 
EXPANDER.— The rollers 
are loosely fitted in a case 
to hold them in position. 
The slightly tapered mandril is pushed or driven within and bearing on 
the rollers and revolved by a bar in the mandril head, which revolves 
the rollers, rolling them over the interior surface of the boiler tube^ 
" Dudgeon " model. 




1338. REVOLVING TOOL HEAD^ 

for a Monitor lathe. 




1339. COLLAPSING TAP.— The 
hook cutters C, C, slide in the taper 
shank B, and are drawn up to their full 

'\fy diameter for cutting by turning the shank 
handle in the inclined slot in the shell - 
and the reverse motion of the handle 
for collapsing the tap. 

1340. Longitudinal section. 




pLJ-l 



1 34 1. WABBLE SAW, for cutting dovetail and 
rabbet grooves. 



MILl. AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 



327 




1342. AUTOMATIC SCREW- 
CUTTING DIE. — The outside 
shell is movable on the 
inner shell, which holds 
the cutters in slots. By- 
throwing the handle 
over, the cutters are re- 
leased from the screw* 
The centre pin, nut, and 
slot pin is the automatic 
release by contact with 
the screw, which pushes 
back the slot pin and 
revolves the outer shell. Adjustment is made by the set rings at the 
back of the die. A circular spring throws out the cutters. Cross sec- 
tion. 

1343. Front view. 

1344. Longitudinal section. 

1345. Outside view. 



for eccentric turning. 



1346. UNIVERSAL CHUCK, 

The divided 
gear plate and chuck- 
ing screw are re- 
volved and held at 
any division by the 
spring pawl. The 
slide is given its ec- 
centric position by a 
screw with an index. 

A great variety of designs may be made with this simple chuck. 

Front view. 

1347. Side view. 

1348. End view. 

1349. Nut and screw. 





1350. COMPOUND LEVER SHEARS. 



328 



MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 




135 1. DISC SHEARS.— Two bevelled edge 
discs just lapping, and revolving. Largely used 
in tin and cardboard cutting. 




1352. GIG SAW. — The spring a gives tension to 
the saw running between guide frames, and operates 
W2^Z2^ by crank and connecting rod. 




1353. BAND SAW, for sawing metals. 
The frame and third wheel are set back to give 
room for large plates. 




1354. BAND SAW. — Rectilinear motion of 
saw blade from rotary motion of band pulleys, 
with a tilting saw-table for bevel work. 




1355. TOGGLE-JOINT LEVER PRESS or 
punch. A type of toggle-joint used in the old 
form of printing and stamping presses. 



MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 



329 




1356. POWER STAMPING PRESS. — Driven 
from a pulley with crank or cam shaft. A miss im- 
pression is made by a stop-clutch operated by a foot 
treadle. 




1357. HAND DRILLING MACHINE, with 
lever feed. 




1358. PORTABLE DRILL, rope trans- 
mission and flexible shaft. One continuous 
rope over driving pulley, two double sheaves 
anchored, and flexible shaft pulley ; allow- 
ing the driving sheave of the flexible shaft 
to be anchored in any position, and for 
tightening the driving rope. 



1359. MULTIPLE DRILLING MA- 
CHINE, for close drilling or perforating 
plates. Drills are operated close together 
by converging spindles. 



330 



MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 




1360. MULTIPLE DRIL- 
LING MACHINE.— For drill- 
ing a number of holes in flanges 
at one time. The drill chucks 
are adjusted in a spider for any 
size circle and connected to the 
driving head with jointed rods. 




1361. STAMP MILL CAM MOTION. — The 

revolution of two or more cam wipers lifts the stamp 
hammers to drop by gravity. 




1362. BLACKSMITH'S HELPER, or 
foot helve hammer. Operated by the foot 
on the treadle. Hammer held up by the 
spring. 




1363. REVOLVING RAPID-BLOW HAM- 
MER. — The centrifugal aciion of the revolving 
arms throws the hammers outward. 



1364. HELVE TRIP HAM- 
MER. — An ancient device yet in 
use. The treadle stops the action 
of the hammer by disengaging the 
bell-crank catch b. Used for small 
work. 



MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 



33^ 




1365. FRICTION DROP HAMMER.— The ham- 
mer head is attached to a hardwood board running be- 
tween friction rolls. One of the rolls has an eccentric 
sleeve shaft with a lever and lanyard to throw the roll 
out of contact with the board at the proper time for 
long or short drop. The other roll and shaft carry the 
driving pulley and are in constant motion. 




1366. BEAM TRIP HAMMER. 

— The beam is vibrated by an ec- 
centric on the driving shaft. The 
cushions intensify and regulate the 
blow of the hammer. The treadle 
operates the brake and controls the 
blow of the hammer. " Bradley " 
pattern. 




1367. SPRING HAMMER.— The 

height of the hammer, to suit the size 
of the forging, is adjusted by chang- 
ing the length of the connecting rod. 
The treadle controls the stroke by- 
operating a friction gear on the driv- 
ing pulley. 




1368. TIRE SHRINKER.— A link 
chain around the tire terminates in a fixed 
hook, and the hook on a powerful lever. 



332 



MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 



1369. COMBINED TIRE UPSETTING AND PUNCHING 
MACHINE. — The tire is made fast by the cam jaws, and the mov- 
able cam is set forward 
by the sector cam lever 
and pinion. A punch is 
attached to the movable 
jaw with a punch die in 
the horn of the machine, 
so that the same opera- 
tion of upsetting a tire 
may be used for punch- 
ing iron. 

1370. Vertical section. 




137 1. PLATE SAWING MACHINE.- 




A slow-running steel 
saw blade lubri- 
cated by dipping 
in an oil box. The 
saw is automatical- 
ly fed to the plate 
by a worm gear, 
but has a quick 
return by the hand 
wheel. 



1372. COMBINED PUNCH 
AND SHEARS in one frame and 
driven from one shaft. Each con- 
trolled by a treadle. 



1373. SUSPENDED SWING TREADLE. 
— The foot takes a circular motion ; no dead 
centre. 



MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 



335 




1374. POWER RUMBLING MILL, 

for cleaning sand from castings, pol- 
ishing metal articles by tumbling with 
sand, charcoal, leather scrap, or any- 
polishing powder. 



1375. CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATOR, for removing oil from 
iron chips and turnings. The iron pan A is fixed to the spindle and 

pulley. The unequal load- 
ing of the pan is balanced 
by the elastic swivelled box 
B, held in a central position 
by springs. A cover with 
felted edge closes the top of 
the pan. The friction stop 
C acts as a brake to stop 
the motion of the pan. 





1376. CLOSURE OF ROLLERS by tra- 
versing the angular slots guiding the roller 
bearings. The slot guide C is fixed. The 
piston-rod head D carries the angular slots 
that move the rollers forward and backward. 



1377. VIBRATING LIFT.— The revolving drum 
B lifts the weight W, while the crank-pin connecting 
rod C gives the arm A and sheave E a vibrating ver- 
tical movement. With certain proportions between 
the size of the drum B, the distance of the crank pin 
and connecting arm at A, a variety of motions to the 
cord D may be made. 

1378. DIFFERENTIAL PITCH MOV& 
MENT. — The motion of a traversing stud by 
-' the revolution of a differential screw allows of 
measurement of minute motions and distances. A micrometer device. 




334 



MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 




1379. FEED WHEEL for a planing machine. 
The corrugated upper wheel pushes the lumber 
to the cutter. 



1380. COMBINED RATCHET AND HAND 
FEED GEAR. — The hand screw turns in the worm- 
gear nut, and may be used for quick adjustment. 




1381. GEAR TRAIN, 

f g with quick return, for a gear- 
I cutting machine. 




1382. QUICK RETURN MOVEMENT for 

a cutter head. A constant rotation of the cam 
operates the bell-crank sector, which is quickly 
drawn back by the weight W and pinion C. 



1383. REVERSING GEAR, from a 
single belt and cone pulley. The gear 
wheel a has an outside and inside set of 
teeth with the pinions b, c meshing and 
running in opposite directions. 

The friction clutches operated by a 
lever reverse the motion of the large 
gear by alternately putting in motion the 
inside or outside pinion. 



MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 



335 





1384. FLEXIBLE UNIVERSAL STEAM 
JOINT. — " Hampson " model. The steam flows 
through the thick arms of the Y's, which have 
ground joints. 



1385. BYE PASS COCK OR VALVE. 

— To allow of a small delivery ^;'hen the 
large valve is closed, or for relief of press- 
ure against a large valve. 




1386. SIGHT-FEED LU BRI C ATO R.— The 

amount of feed is seen by the frequency of drops at 
the sight hole. Adjusted by a needle-point valve with 
milled head and screw. 




1387. SCREW MOVEMENT, for the tail 
stock of a lathe. The spindle moves m a key 
slot to prevent turning. The screw has a 
collar and is shouldered on the outside by the 
wheel hub. The back end of spindle has a 
thread acting as a nut on the driving screw. 




verses around the shaft to be centered. 
1389. End view. 



1388. CENTERING 
TOOL. Used for scratch- 
ing the centre on round 
shafting or rods. The 
slotted arm E swings on 
the spindle A, as it tra- 



336 



MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 




n. 



pf:|ii{iKiH|iii{iii 



LI 



^JU 




1390. VERNIER CALI- 
PER, with slow-motion stop 
screw. 



1 39 1. EXPAN- 
SION BIT.— The 
spring clip held by 
a screw clamps the 
cutter in position 



to bore any size hole within its limits of expansion. 




1392. DOUBLE-ACTING 
SCREWDRIVER. — The in- 
side spindle has a left-hand 
screw, the outside hollow spindle a right-hand screw ; and both with 
nuts that can lock either spindle by screwing to the thread on the 
lower end of each or either spindle. 



1393. PUMP DRILL STOCK.— A very 
ancient device, yet largely in use at this date in 
the jewelry and other light manufacturing estab- 
lishments. The heavy revolving disc keeps up 
the momentum to rewind the band upon the 
spindle in contrary direction for each downstroke 
of the bar. 



1394. RECIPRO- 
CATING DRILL 
STOCK.— By the 
double groove and 

follower, the drill turns the same way at each movement of the ring 

and follower. 






1395. COMPOUND LEVER CUTTING 
PLIERS, in which the toggle-joint principle is 
used to give the greatest power at the closure 
of the jaws. 



MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 



337 




1396. BALL SOCKET, used on surveyor's 
7| compasses. The gland is tightened with, 
countersunk screws. 




1397. BALL SOCKET, with a screw 
eland. 



V THREAD 




1398. SCREW THREADS.— Standard 
V thread, sharp at top and bottom. Depth 
equals 0.85 of the pitch. Angle 60°. 



U.S. S. THREAD 




WHITWORTH THREAD | 




1399. SCREW THREADS.— United 
States Standard Thread. Flat top and 
bottom. Depth equals 0.65 of the pitch. 
Angle 60°. 



1400. SCREW THREADS, "Whit- 
worth ' thread. Rounded top and bot- 
tom. Depth equals 0.75 of the pitch. 
Angle 55°. 



TRAPEZOIDAL ^-p* 
THREAD I I 




1 40 1. SCREW THREADS, Trape- 
zoidal thread. Angle 90° face, 450 back. 
Depth equals 0.75 of the pitch. 



33S 



MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 




■ POWELL'S I*— pH 
THREAD 




1402. SCREW THREADS, square 
thread. Angle square. Depth equals -j- 
half pitch. Width between threads equal 
-f half pitch, for clearance. 



1403. SCREW THREADS, "Powell's" 
thread. Depth of thread equals + half 
pitch. Width of top of thread, 0.37 -of 
pitch. Width of bottom, 0.37 -\- of pitch. 
Angle of side, 11^ °. 



1404. CONTINUAL BARREL ELEVATOR. 

— Sprocket wheels and link chains with 

curved arms to hold the barrels. 



1405. TELESCOPIC HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR. 

— The several piston cylinders take a proportional lift by 
their differential areas and balanced pressure areas in each 
compartment. 



^ 



M-&- 



&'■ 



7::^W- 



7 1406. TRAVELLER HOIST, show- 
'^ ing the principles of the balanced coun- 
ter pull and the traverse tackle. 



MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 



339 






1407. TRAVELLING CRANE 
for shop and foundiy 
work. May be oper- 
ated by rope transmis- 
sion, a long shaft, or 
electric motor. 

1408. I-BAR TRAVELLING TRAMWAY, an 
easily made shop device. The I bar lies sidewise, bolted 
to brackets from the ceiling. The double trolley can- 
not run off. 



1409. SWING BRACKET CRANE, with 
trolley. 




1 410. ADJUSTABLE UNIVERSAL SHEAVE. 

It can be set in any desired direction and canted 
by the double-swivel foot. 




1411. ''HARRINGTON" CHAIN HOIST.— A 
worm gear operates a double -chain sprocket, with 
chains yoked at hook. 




1412. " YALE" DUPLEX HOIST.— A worm 
F meshed in a gear on the same shaft with the 
hoisting-chain sprocket. A, Hand-chain sprocket 
on worm shaft B; C is a friction plug which 
holds the worm from running back. For self- 
running down, the plug may be reversed, present- 
ing a smaller friction surface to the worm shaft. 
A pin holds the plug from turning. 



340 



MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 




1413. SAFipTY TACKLE.— The horizontal frame 
is pivoted in the hook block having a friction shoulder. 
A lanyard from the eye of the horizontal frame releases 
the grip. 




1414. DIFFERENTIAL CHAIN- PULLEY 
BLOCK. — The chain sprockets, one on each side of 
the gear drum, run in different directions, allowing the 
surplus chain to hang between the draft chains. An 
eccentric on the hand-wheel shaft rolls a loose pinion 
around the discs, causing them to move in opposite 
directions by the differential number of teeth on each 
side of the pinion. 




1415. DOUBLE SCREW-GEAR HOIST. — A 

right-and-left screw turns the chain sprockets in mesh 
with the lifting chain. " Box & Co." model. 




1 41 6. TAPER TUBE ROLLS.— The grooves 

I . are turned as a taper screw. One rolls right-hand, 

I the other left-hand to match. Much care and 

management are required in taper tube-rolling. 



MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 



341 



1417. " YALE-WESTON " DIFFERENTIAL GEAR HOIST. 

— The hand-chain 
sprocket shaft runs loose 
in a sleeve which carries 
the hoist-chain sprocket. 
A small pinion on the 
right-hand end of the 
central shaft drives three 
spur gears pinioned on a 
circular movable frame 
attached to the chain sprockets. To each of the three spur gears are 
-fixed a pinion, which meshes in an internal tooth gear fixed in the case. 

1418. Section, showing gear. 





^1419. TUBE-ROLLING MA- 
CHINE.— The first roUer turns the 
■* I strip of metal to a half-circle. The 
T— J- pair of vertical rolls close up the 

_J tube. 




1420. SEAMLESS TUBE MAK- 
ING. — Rolling a solid bar between a 
pair of angular-axled disc rollers opens 
a cavity within the bar w^hich is further 
expanded by a second pair of disc rollers. 
The rolling of the tube between the discs 
pushes the tubular bar over a revolving 
conical mandrill. 



142 T. WIRE-BENDING MACHINE. 




A 



A marvel of complex 
motions. Hooks and 
eyes, and any special 
shapes of wire-work 
can be made on 
these machines. 

1422. Samples of 
wire bending. 



342 



MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 





1423. SEAMLESS TUBE MAKING.— The " Mannesmann '^ 
process. A, <7, conical corrugated rolls ; B, guide tube ; B", hot bar 

of iron or steel being pushed through 
the rolls ; D, mandrill for widening 
the inside of the tube, the hollow be- 
ing started by the action of the out- 
side rolls. 



1424. HOPPER AND BELL, for a. 
blast or other furnace, for feeding coal and 
ore. The hopper is filled with a charge, 
when the bell is quickly lowered and the 
charge drops into the furnace. 



1425. ''BESSEMER" STEEL CONVERTER.— 

A large crucible on trunnions, through which air is 
blown to passages in the bottom of the shell and 
through the cast iron, burning out the excess of carbon^ 
when the crucible is turned over and the cast iron^ 
converted into steel, is poured into moulds. 



1426. LENS-GRINDING MACHINE. — The 

bell-crank arm a is made adjustable in the vertical 
shaft, and is pivoted for a free motion in the grind- 
ing cup b, to give a variety of motions to the cup- 
over the lens ; or the operation may be reversed 
and the lens given a circular motion in the cup. 



1427. GRINDING 
MILL in section, show- 
ing the balancing of the 
upper stone and adjust- 
ment of step, and the cen- 
tering of the hopper and 
feed gauge. 





MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 



345 





1428. "BOGARDUS" MILL. 
— Grooved steel discs running ec- 
centric to each other. Largely used 
for grinding paints and drugs. 

1429. Plan showing grooves. 



1430. CIRCULATING SCREW PRO- 
PELLER AND MIXING TANK.— Is used 
in various forms in laundries, soap crutching> 
and oil refining. 



1431. DOUBLE CYL- 
INDER PLANER, for 

lumber. Takes a rough 
and finishing cut by once 
passing the lumber 
through the mill. 




1432. DOUBLE TOGGLE-JOINT SCREW 
PRESS with steam-heated platens for vul- 
canizing rubber or embossing by heat and 
pressure. 




1433. STEAM COTTON PRESS, for 
repressing and condensing baled cotton. 
The geared sectors, driven by the double- 
rack piston rod and piston, increase the 
pressure immensely at the latter part of the 
stroke by the toggle-joint action of the con- 
necting rods as they approach the radial 
bearing of the sectors. 



344 



MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 




1434. TOGGLE-BAR PRESS.— The rota- 
tion of the disc a by the lever handle brings 
the toggle bars to a vertical position, with in- 
creasing pressure upon the platen. The tog- 
gle bars have spherical ends fitted to spherical 
cups in the top and bottom discs. 



' <ii 'I'nr 




1435. SECTOR PRESS.— The sector is rolled 
up by the crank and pinion, driving the platen 
up with increased force until the connecting rod 
reaches its vertical position. Much used on cot- 
ton presses. 



1436. BARK OR COB MILL.— A barbed 
and corrugated cone revolving within a 
spider and counter cone, with barbed cones 
and corrugations. 



A B 




1437. DRAWING AND THROSTLE TWISTING 
ROLLS AND BOBBIN WINDER.— The front rolls run 
faster than the feed rolls, and draw the fibre. The 
throstle twists the thread which is drawn tightly upon the 
spool that runs loose on the spindle, and is held by a 
friction spring to give it the winding tension. 




1438. COP WINDER.— The cop tube on the 
spindle revolves. The arm Avith an eye, carries 
the thread forward and backward on the cop. 



MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 



345 



1439. BOBBIN WINDER.— The flyer revolves, while 
the bobbin is moved up and down the spindle for even 
winding. Thread passes through the hollow spindle 
down the arm and through the eye of the flyer arm. 




1440. CLOTH DRESSER. — The central 
wheel is the teazel drum. The cloth is guided by 
the rollers above and below. 



1 441. KNITTING MACHINE, auto- 
matic rib knitter, " Heginbotham " model. 
Vertical needles and two bobbins. 



1442. KNITTING MACHINE, 

seamless knitter, " Bellis & 
Weinanmayer " model. Verti- 
cal needles. 



346 



MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 




1443. KNITTING MACHINE. 

—Multiple thread knitter, " Hep- 
worth " model, for web goods. 



Section XVI. 
CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 

MIXING, TESTING, STUMP AND PILE PULLING, TACKLE 

HOOKS, PILE DRIVING, DUMPING CARS, STONE GRIPS, 

DERRICKS, CONVEYER, TIMBER SPLICING, 

ROOF AND BRIDGE TRUSSES, 

SUSPENSION BRIDGES. 



CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 



Mixing, Testing, Stump and Pile Pulling, Tackle Hooks, Pile Driving,. 
Dumping Cars, Stone Grips, Derricks, Conveyer, Timber Splic- 
ing, Roof and Bridge Trusses, Suspension Bridges. 



1444. POST AUGER.— Often made with a 
single turn to the blade. Used also for prospect- 
ing for foundations. 




1445. PUG MILL, with spiral worm in a conical 
shell, for mixing mortar, concrete, or other material. 



1446. CONICAL PUG MILL for mixing clays, 
mortar, concrete, and other material. 



1447. CONICAL MIXING BARREL for 
mortar, concrete, or other material. 



1448. CONCRETE MIXER.— A rectan- 
gular box of iron revolves on trunnions at 
opposite corners. A hopper for charging 
and a dumping car to receive the mixed 
charge. 



35° 



CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 




uutwvun 



CEMENT-TESTING MACHINE. 

— -The cement sample is placed 
in the jaws at H. The sector 
B is turned by the worm screw 
until the weight on the arm C 
is raised to the limit of the 
breaking strain, where the in- 
dex hand on the graduated arc 
is caught by tlie pawl, when 
the weight falls. 




1450. HYDRAULIC SAND EJECTOR 

A thin annular jet of water, under high pressure, 
will eject sand and water from a sump and dis- 
charge at an elevation. The principle of the 
" Eads" ejector dischargings and from the caissons 
of the St. Louis Bridge. 




1 45 1. TOGGLE STUMP PULLER. 

—By pulling up the two toggle levers, the 
chain and links slip down a notch in the 
draw bar when the double tackle draws 
the levers down. Also for drawing piles 
and sheet piling. 



CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 



351 




1452. RIGHT- AND LEFT-HAND 
TURNBUCKLE, sleeve and yoke pat- 
tern. 




1453. SWIVEL SHACKLE. 




I 1454. SLIP HOOK, for drop weights and 

j temporary pile hammer. 



1455. TRIP HOOK.— A split shank with 
tongue and catch pivoted between the sides of 
the shank as shown. 




^^F=^ 



1456. BALANCED RIVETING 
MACHINE on a truck. For yard 
service, and iron and steel structural 
work. 




1457. RELEASING GRIP of a pile-driving ma- 
chine. The bow ends of the grip are compressed when 
they reach the slot B in the frame and cast off the ram 
W. The springs between the bowed handles of the 
grip close the jaws to pick up the ram. 



352 



CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 



iz: 



"^^^ 




1458. AUTOMATIC DISENGAGING GRIP for a 

pile driver. The arms of the grip jaws are collapsed by 
contact with the inclined chocks above. 




1459. SWIVELLING DUMPING- 
CAR. — By turning the box and its 
frame, which is pivoted on the trucks 
the load can be dumped in any direc-^ 
tion. 





1460. SQUARE BOX 
SIDE-DUMPING CAR. 

— The side boards are hing- 
ed and locked by a snap 
lever. 



1461. LEVER GRIP-TONGS. — The pull on the 
shackle connecting the links and upper arms of the tongs- 
causes a strong grip on any object to be lifted. 




ftm 



Wol 



1462. ADJUSTABLE GRIP TONGS, for stones 
and heavy boxes. The link bars have a series ol 
holes to vary the opening of the jaws. A toggle 
grip. 



CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 



355 



1463. PNEUMATIC DUMPING CAR.— A 

small compressor, operated from the axle, pumps 
air into a receiver under the platform. An oscil- 
lating cylinder, with direct connection 
with the bottom of the car, lifts it to the 
proper angle for dumping and returns it 
to the horizontal position by the mere 
movement of a valve. 



1464. LEWIS WEDGE, for lifting stone. A 
central taper wedge, with eye and ring at the 
small end. A taper wedge is inserted in a re- 
verse position on each side of the double-taper 
wedge, so that the outside of the combination is 
parallel in the hole in the stone. A pull on the 
centre wedge pushes the outer wedges against the 

side of the hole with force sufficient to lift the stone by the friction of 

their contact surfaces. 






1465. STONE GRINDING AND POLISH- 
ING MACHINE. The lap for grinding is 
of cast iron in a concentric series of rings, 
through which sand and water is fed. The 
rod connecting the lap with the driving shaft 
has a universal joint at each end and a swivel 
handle for guiding the lap. The upper shaft 
is balanced, feathered, and moves freely 
through the gear hub. 



1466. FOUR-GUY 
pole or gin. 



MAST DERRICK 



23 



354 



CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 




1467. SHEARS WITH WINCH or tackle 
blocks. 




1468. SWING-DERRICK CRANE, 
with fixed guys and hand gear. 




1469. PORTABLE STEAM DERRICK, 

on swivelled platform, balanced by boiler. 




1470. SWING-BOOM CRANE, with a 
travelling truck and trolley lift. Boom re- 
volving on radial rollers. 




1 47 1. CABLE HOIST AND CON- 
VEYER, for excavating canals and 
trenches. The upper line is the cable, 
middle line the traveller, and lower lines 
operate the dumping device. 



CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 



355 



1472. CANTILEVER HOISTING AND CONVEYING MA- 
CHINE, '' Lancaster " system. The trussed booms and standing 

frame revolve on rollers 
on the truck. The truck 
moves on rails. The 
buckets swing with the 
truss booms for loading 




■? {fj 'by,_f.\J^ji>,'> ■ 



^iW^^ '^^^ discharging. 



^ — ■©— ^ 1473. TIMBER SPLICING.— The straight 
S- splice bolted. 



'^©~'~' lor 



J^ 



^ 



.-^ . 



1474. TIMBER SPLICING. 

— The lap splice with iron 
keys and bolts. 



n 



A 



-B- 



.A 



A 



-iH- 



1475. TIMBER SPLICING.— 
The lap splice with oak keys 
and yoke straps. 



.^ -^ A 



1476. TIMBER SPLICING.~A 
scarf and butt joint with one fish plate, 
bolted. 



,f^ r=. .^ la. 



'H^ . lyr^ IQI ^1^ 



1477. TIMBER SPLICING.— The scarf 
and butt splice with iron fish plates, bolted. 




1478. TIMBER SPLICING.— A lap 

and scarf butt joint, keyed with oak and 
locked with anchor fish plate and bolts. 



356 



CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 



^ ^ 



^ 



^& 'gT 



jB^> r<?P< 



"'©' 



— ^ 1479. TIMBER SPLICING. 
^ — Butt joint with timber fish plate, 
/ keyed and bolted. 



-f-L ^-^ .eL .^ ia. 



Tl 



-ST 



1480. TIMBER SPLICING. 

J — Butt joint with double 

^ timber fish plates, bolted. 



"B" T3^ 





.!rtL 


jOl. 


-ai. 


ifti 


•^^ 


■ j 

P ;i _. 








^■u 


— C3 


5 — 


— or 



1 48 1. TIMBER SPLICING.— 
Compression beams butted and held 
by a fish plate and bolts. 





r^ 


_a. 


■A. 


■A. 


A 






^ 


- — _^. 


r^V—] ..::.■ :: | , ■. " C 




\ : . :■ :: 1 - ■: •: •: '■: ' " 1 ' c 




•^ 


** 






w 




— ^^^ 







48:. TIMBER CHORDS AND ARCHES. 
— Splicing by breaking joints 
and bolting. 




1483. TRUSS ROOF. 

a, tie beam. 

^, principal rafter. 

(T, common rafter. 

d, king post. 

e, strut. 



484. QUEEN POST ROOF TRUSS. 

a, tie beam ; r, c, queen posts ; 
d, d, braces ; e, truss beam ^ 
/, straining piece ; ^, g, prin- 
cipal rafters ; h, cambered beam ; b, iron string bolt to support tie 
beam. 




1485. WOODEN ROAD BRIDGE 
TRUSS. 



CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 



357 






DECK BRIDGE TRUSSES. 

i486. Single strut deck truss for short 
spans, 30 to 40 feet. 

1 48 7 . Double strut deck truss 
for 50 to 70 feet span, 

1488. Multi- 
ple strut deck 
truss for 100 
feet span. 

1489. BRIDGE TRUSS.— 
Inclined strut and tie rod for each 
panel,with stiff compression upper 
chord. Vertical members are tie 
rods. 

1490- BRIDGE TRUSS— 

Vertical struts except in end 
panels, which have vertical tie 
rods. Inclined end struts and 
diagonal tie rods. 

1491, ARCHED DECK TRUSS 
^ BRIDGE. — The arch takes the press- 
ure and gives tension to the chord. 
^ Struts and tie rods give stability to 
the structure. 




1492. BRIDGE TRUSSES.-^ 

The ''Whipple" truss. Ver- 
tical and end posts are 
struts ; vertical tie rods from 
end posts ; diagonal tie rods 
in panels. ' 

1493. Inclined posts and 
vertical tie rods. Baltimore 
model. 

1494. "Whipple" truss, 
with interpanel tie rods. 



358 



CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 



1495. ARCH TRUSS BRIDGE.— The entire load is not sup- 
ported by the wood or iron arch 
alone. The truss bracing is made 
to equalize the load by stiffen- 
ing the arch and so to throw 
a compression strain upon the 
chord, which is thickened in the middle. 






1496. BRIDGE TRUSSES.— 
The "McCallum" inflexible 
arched truss. A wooden 
bridge. 

1497. " gowaiiimas, with. 

inclined end posts, vertical 
struts and bi-panel tie rods. 



1498. "Post" truss, verti- 
cal end posts with inclined 
struts from each end meet- 
ing at the centre. 




1499. Modification of 
the "Whipple" and "War- 
ren " systems. 

1500. Modification of 
the "Whipple" and "Post" 
systems. The " Warren " 
bridge. 

1 501. Th e "Fink " system. 
A railway deck bridge. 
No lower chord. 

1502. The "Bollman" 
system. A girder suspen- 
sion. The top girder car- 
ries the compression load 
due to suspension. 



CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 



359 




1503. SWING BRIDGE, 
" Whipple " system. 



1504. SWING BRIDGE. 

" Post " system. 




1505. CANTILEVER BRIDGE.— The ends, being anchored, 
balance all other parts on the piers. This cut shows the principle of 
Cantilever construction. 



// 




1506. SUSPENSION BRIDGES 

The old railway bridge at. - 
Niagara. Eight hundred and 
twenty-one feet span. 

1507. A. four-span suspen- 
sion bridge. Allegheny River, 
at Pittsburgh. 




1508. SUSPENSION BRIDGE.— The Cincinnati bridge, 
<< Roebling " system. Ten hundred and fifty-seven feet between piers. 




1509. SUSPENSION BRIDGE.— Niagara upper bridge, "Roeb- 
ling " system. Twelve hundred and fifty feet between piers. 



360 



CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 



1510. SUSPENSION BRIDGE.— The New York 
and Brooklyn bridge, " Roebling " system. Centre span, 
1,600 feet ; land spans, each 920 feet ; Brooklyn approach, 
998 feet; New York approach, 1,562 feet; total length 
curb to curb, 6,016 feet; width, 85 feet; clearance above 
high water, 135 feet; height of towers above high water, 
272 feet; number of cables, 4; diameter of cables, 15^ 
inches ; length of single wires, 3,579 feet; total length of 
wires in four cables, 14,361 miles; number of wires in 
each cable, 5,296; strength of each cable, 12,200 net 
tons; cost of bridge, exclusive of land, ^9,00.0,000; total 
cost, $15,552,878. Commenced 1870 ; thirteen years in 
building. 



Section XVI L 

DRAUGHTING DEVICES. 

PARALLEL RULES, CURVE DELINEATORS, TRAMMELS ^J^I-IP- 
SOGRAPHS, PANTOGRAPHS, ETC. 



DRAUGHTING DEVICES. 

Parallel Rules, Curve Delineators, Trammels, Ellipsographs, 

Pantographs, etc. 




151 1. PROPORTIONAL COMPASSES for re- 
ducing the scale of drawings. 



m c \ m 



15 12. ROLLER PARALLEL RULER„ 
— The two fluted rollers of exactly equal size, 
on an arbor, project slightly below the under 
surface of the ruler. 




1 5 13. PARALLEL RULER, formed of 
two bars pivoted to two pieces of metal of 
exactly equal lengths between pivot centres 
and at equal distances on the bars. 




15 14. SLOTTED PARALLEL RULER 
that traverses in line. A, cross bars movable 
on a central pivot ; each bar being pivoted at 
one end to the ruler bars, the other ends 
sliding in slots in the bars. 




1515. THREE PART PARALLEL 
RULER. — All connecting arms of equal 
length. Pivots are at equal distances on each 
of the blades. 



3^4 



DRAUGHTING DEVICESo 




1516. SPRING C YCLOGRAPH. — A 

spring of elastic material is made thicker in 
its central part so that in bending its outer 
edge will take the form of a circular arc. By 

clamping the ends of the spring to the bar, the screw will bend the 

spring to the desired curve. 



15 17. FLEXIBLE CURVE SCRIBER.— 

A spring of any suitable material may be fixed 
in a ruler and drawn by a string to the desired 
curve. There are many forms of this device, 
such as the string fastened to both ends of the 
spring and flexible rubber strips with heavy 
weights to hold it to any form of curve desired. 




VMMmMMMMS^^ 




, 15 18. HELICOGRAPH.— The traversing 
of the disc by moving the screw arm around 
a fixed centre describes a helical curve. 




c 



fNSSSWSi 







I5I9. 



:i 



GREAT CURVE DELINEA- 
TOR. — Thin-edged 
r=^ discs of different di' 
ameters are attached 
to a bar or tube at a 
distance apart, so that 
their relative diam- 
ters and distance will correspond to the required radius, which may 
be computed by the difference in diameter multiplied by the distance 
of the wheels apart. C is a loose sleeve to roll the rod freely ; D is 
an offset from the inside rod to allow the pencil to press on the paper. 




1520. CONCHOID DELINEATOR, 
of Nicomedes. A slotted head T-piece, 
A, B ; a slotted arm, G H, with traverse 
pin at F. Distance between F, H, and 
pin at E may be variable to suit the 
required condition of curve. Pencil at 
H delineates a conchoidal curve, used 
in architectural drawings for the lines 
of columns. 



DRAUGHTING DEVICES. 



3^5 




152 1. CYCLOGRAPH, for drawing circu- 
lar arcs with an inaccessible centre. Three 
straight rules clamped together so that when 
\ the outer edge of the rules are against the pins 
B, C, representing the chord of the arc, the pencil at A will be at the 
vertex of the versed sine of the arc, when by moving the rules against 
the pins the pencil will describe a circular arc. 

1522. TRAMMEL FOR DRAWING ELLIPSES. 

— Grooves at right angles direct two studs on a 
.pencil bar for the elliptical motion of the pencil. 
'Also called an ellipsograph. 





1523. ELLIPSOGRAPH. — A is a fixed 

centre ; B, traversed in a straight line, will 
make the pencil at C trace an elliptical curve. 



1524. PARABOLA SCRIBER.— The longi- 
I tudinal focal distance from the apex being fixed 
with a pin. A straight-edge may be fixed just 
beyond the apex and traversed by a square. A 
looped string on the pin with the other end fast- 
ened to the longer leg of the square with sufficient 
sag to allow a pencil point to rest in the bight 
of the string at the apex of the parabola, when the square is on 
the axial line, will describe an arc of a parabola by moving the pencil 
against the square. 




1525. GEARED ELLIPSOGRAPH.— A spur 
gear A is fixed to the pedestal. An arm carrying 
an idle gear, B, and a gear C, one-half the diam- 
eter of the fixed gear. The pencil arm makes 
two revolutions to one revolution of the arm. 

The distance A' equals the difference between the major and minor 

axes of the ellipse. 




/*-A'-^ 



366 



DRAUGHTING DEVICES. 



1526. HYPERBOLA SCRIBER. — The 
foci of the opposite hyperbolas may be drawn 
on their longitudinal axis and pins set therein. 
A straight edge moving on focal point of the 
opposite hyperbola, and a looped string on the 
pin of the required arc, with the other end 
attached at the end of the straight edge, with 
enough sag to allow the pencil to touch the 
apex of the curve, will, on moving the pencil in the bight of the string 
and close to the rule, describe an arc of a hyperbola. 




1527. GEARED ELLIPSOGRAPH.— The arm and horizontal 
shaft slide through the_ frame and second bevel gear. The bevel gear 

A is fixed to the standard. 
The proportion of the gears 
should be such that the pen- 
cil spindle should make two 
revolutions to one revolution 
of the arm. Then the dis- 
tance A^ equals the difference between the major and minor axes of 
the ellipse. 





1^- 



■-^ 




1528. PANTOGRAPH. -For perfect pro- 
portions the points A, B, C must always be in 
line. With the point B fixed, the pencil at A 
will produce an exact copy of tracing from 
point C. By changing places for the fixed 
point a double or half-size tracing may be made. 



1529. LAZY-TONGS PANTOGRAPH, 

for reducing or enlarging copies of draw- 
ings, cox d may be the fixed points. Either 
one being fixed, the other should be the 
tracer. The pencil at a should be exactly 
in line with c, d, for accurate delineation. 




DRAUGHTING DEVICES. 



367 




1530. PERSPECTIVE CENTRO- 

— LINEAD. — The edges of legs on the sides a^ 

b, and c must be in line with their common 

1 1 axis, with clamp screws to hold the movable 

legs in their set position. The directing pins b and c should 

be set on the radial lines of the back point of the perspective, 

when the long leg will be radial from that point in all directions. 




1 53 1. SPHEROMETER.— For meas- 
uring the curves of spherical surfaces or 
of templates of lenses by means of a 
graduated follower at the centre between 
two bearings. The scale and nonius are 
computed for the versed sine of a fixed 
chord length. 



Section XVIII. 
MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 

ANIMAL POWER, SHEEP SHEARS, MOVEMENTS AND DEVICES, 
ELEVATORS, CRANES, SEWING, TYPE-WRITING, AND PRINT- 
ING MACHINES, RAILWAY DEVICES, TRUCKS, BRAKES, 
TURNTABLES, LOCOMOTIVES, GAS, GAS FURNACES, 
ACETYLENE GENERATORS, GASOLINE MAN- 
TLE LAMP, FIREARMS, ETC. 



MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 

Animal Power, Sheep Shears, Movements and Devices, Elevators, 
Cranes, Sewing, Type- Writing, and Printing Machines, Rail- 
way Devices, Trucks, Brakes, Turntables, Locomo- 
tives, Gas, Gas Furnaces, Acetylene Gen- 
erators^ Gasoline Mantle Lamp, 
Firearms, Etc. 




1532. HUMAN TREADMILL.— Still used 
in Eastern countries for raising water. 




1533. HORSE-POWER TREAD WHEEL. 

• — One of the many designs for stationary ani- 
mal power. 



1534. HORSE-POWER MACHINE. 




An endless chain and 
rollers, with a slat- 
ted platform, roll 
over a sprocket- 
wheel drivingshaft. 
The walking plat- 
form is elevated to 
an angle of about 



372 



MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 




1535. DOG-POWER MACHINE. 

— The plane of the track wheel is set 
at an angle of about 200, with its 
under edge bearing upon a friction 
pulley. Shaft and fly-wheel, with 
crank for operating churn. 




1536. GEARED HORSE^POWER. 
— The sweep carries the pinion and spur 
gear on the second shaft around the 
stationary spur gear, rotating the central 
shaft and pulley at high speed. 



1537- 




MULTIPLE BEADED 
SHEEP SHEARS.— 
Opened by a spring handle, 
and closed by hand grip. 




1538. HORSE CLIPPER. — A 
sharp comb-tooth cutter is made to 
vibrate across a fixed cutter by vibrat- 
ing the handles. 




ible shaft from another source of power, 
blade with guard finger plates. 



1539. MACHINE 
SHEEP SHEARS. 
— The large gear is 
driven by the hand 
on a crank, not 
shown, or by a flex- 
A revolving serrated 



MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 



373 



^^ -n 1540. "ALMOND'S" 

FLEXIBLE METALLIC 
TUBE. — A coil of round wire, 
open wound, with a coil of 
triangular wire wound tightly 
over it. Bending of the coil 
tube allows the triangular sec- 
tions to draw in on the outside of the bend and to push out on the 
inside, keeping the points of contact tight. 




u 




^ w 



V 




1541. EVO- 
LUTION OF 
A WOOD 
SCREW.— 

Stages of 
manufacture of 



the modern wood screw. " American Screw Company's" process. 
The thread is made by the roller process. 




1542. ARTIFICIAL LEG AND FOOT.— Most 

ingenious combinations of movements are made in 
producing artificial limbs, not easily explained with- 
out a model. 




1543. MEAN TIME SUNDIAL.— The 
length of the stile is made to just cover the 
entire range of the sun's altitude at the dis- 
tance of the scale on the hour circle. Its 
shape and size to be proportionate to the sun's 
equation of time as marked on the scale. 
When the sun is fast the reading should be on 
the left-hand side of the shadow, and when 
slow on the right side. 



374 



MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 




1544. DOOR PUSH CHECK.— The spring closes the 

door. The piston in the cylinder has a valve to allow quick 

inlet of air when opening a door, and a 

small hole adjustable at the bottom of the 

cylinder for slowly discharging the air. 



■ 



r~i 






//t 



I 



1545. FOLDING LADDER.— The rounds are 
pivoted to the side pieces, which are recessed ta 
enclose the rounds when the ladder is shut. 




1546. SIMPLE COMBINATION LOCK. 

— A number of discs arranged on a spindle 
having a feather key. The discs are notched 
to match the notches in the key so that they 
readily turn to be set to the register number to 
release the spindle. 




1547. TRIPOD. — The legs are pivoted on a 
triangular prism, which allows the legs to be folded 
into a cylindrical staff. 



1548. DOUBLE SPHERICAL SOCKET, 

used mostly on surveying instruments. The 
socket is clamped by drawing the plates to- 
gether with thumb-screw. 



1549. DISC SLICER, with hopper, for cutting 
roots, etc. Each slot in the disc has a knife slightly- 
projecting. 



MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 



375 




1550. MICROMETER SCREW ADJUSTMENT.— 

The tangent arm is made fast or loose on the shaft by 
the spring clip and screw. Used mostly on theodo- 
lites and transit instruments. 



1 55 1. CORRECT PRINCIPLE in 
setting a hot-water house boiler. 

H, E, circulating pipes. 

B, water-back or coil. 

K, draw-off. 

D, cold-water supply, extending down 
on inside of boiler. 

G, hot-water supply taken from top of 
boiler. 




1552. UNDER-FEED HEAT- 
ING FURNACE, ''Colton-Smead" 
model. A smokeless furnace for 
house heating with bituminous coal. 
A plunger is operated by a lever 
sector and rack to push the coal 
beneath the fire. 




HARVESTER OR MOW- 
ING MACHINE.— 

Application of a corru- 
gated or cam disc for 
attaining the motion 
J' of the cutters. 



376 



MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 




1554. BELL CLAPPER MOVEMENT.— 
The outside stroke is the best to prevent crack- 
ing in large bells. 




1555. PIANO KEY AND ACTION. 
A study of complex movement. 





1556. LAPIDARY OR LITHOLOGICAL 
LATHE for amateur work. A vertical spindle 
with disc lap of lead, driven by a bevel gear and 
cranks, through a vertical shaft pulley and belt. 
A splitting disc and spindle are also driven from 
the main pulley. 



1557 




. WIRE-DRAWING MACHINE. 

a^ the reel. 

b^ draw plate. 

<r, power drum, operated by gear 
beneath the bench. When the wire 
is all wound on the drum it is 
changed to the reel and drawn in 
a reverse direction. 




1558. WIRE-COVERING MACHINE. 

— The wire is passed through a hollow re- 
volving spindle a^ having a small longitu- 
dinal motion from a vibrating cam to lap 
the threads. The face plate revolving with 
the spindle carries two or more spools, <r, c^ 
with guide eyes, d, d^ vibrating with the 
spindle. 



MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 



377 




1559. STIRRING MACHINE, for 
grain mash or other material in water. 
One arm carries a vertical set of arms 
with bottom^ scrapers. The other arm, 
a revolving shaft and arms for vertical 
stirring. 





1560. SECTOR WHEEL BALING PRESS.— The large sectors 
are operated by the long shaft and worm gears. The double toggle 
joints and small sector gears extend the toggle bars with increasing 
power. 

1561. WOOD COMPRESSION 
CARVING MACHINE.-The carved 
patterns are iron rings placed on a hol- 
low iron cylinder which is heated by 
steam through the trunnion. The wood 
is steamed and passes under the roller 
with great pressure. 

1562. BELT-DRIVEN ELEVATOR.— Worm gear and friction 

stop. The belt is shifted 
by a cam driven by the link 
chain from the drum shaft. 
The end of the drum shaft 
has a screw with two clamp 
nuts, one on each side of 
the chain wheel, the hub 
of which acts as a nut to 
carry the wheel against the 
clamp nut when it revolves 
and throws over the cam 
shipper. 




378 



MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 



1563. SAFETY CATCH FOR ELEVATORS.— The eccentric 
sector levers are connected at their pivots to friction shdes behind 

the guide rails by links. The 
front slides are ratchet bars on 
the face of the guide rails. 
The balance weight intensifies 
the action of the grips when 
the rope breaks. Springs are 
also used instead of the balance 
weights. 

1564. Shows the grip closed. 




A 



W 




\\ 



CAGE 



1565. ELEVATOR SAFETY GEAR. 
— When the cage is lifted the pivoted arm 
pulls the pawl clear of the rack. A break- 
age of the rope lets go the pawl arm, and 
the spring throws the pawl into the rack. 



r 



1566. SAFETY CATCH FOR ELEVATORS.— A lever pawl 
pivoted to each side of the elevator cage is kept clear from the rack 

guides by the upward pull of 
the cable. When the cable 
breaks or gives way, the bal- 
ance weight or a spring inten- 
sifies the action of the pawls 
in closing with the rack guide 
rails. 

1567. Normal position of 
the pawls. 





1568. SWING DERRICK, with fixed boom. 
Steam hoist. 



MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 



379 




1569. PACKAGE ELEVATOR, for con- 
tinuous service up or down without reversing. 
May be arranged for self-dumping both ways. 




1570. POST CRANE.— Driven by hy- 
draulic lift under the platform. The boom 
swings on the post. The rope is carried up 
the hollow post. 




1571. WHARF CRANE, with 
trussed arch jib. Pivoted to turn in 
any direction. Power shaft turns in 
crane pivot. 



38o 



MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 




1572. AUTOMATIC BALANCE CRANE. 
— The rocking base shifts the centre of gravit}^ 
^ of load and balance weight. The crane and 
platform revolve on radial rollers. 




1573. SEWING-MACHINE 
SHUTTLE.— The thread is rove 
in the holes in the tension spring, 
which is made adjustable by the 
notch cam d. 



1574. SEWING-MACHINE 
FEED BAR, " Wheeler & Wil- 
son " model. The toothed feed- 
rack 26 is fixed to the frame 7, 
which is lifted, moved forward, 

and dropped by the cam 39, and is drawn back by the spring -T)^. 

The cam stop 27 regulates the length of the stitch. 





1575, SEWING-MACHINE 
HOOK AND BOBBIN, 
"Wheeler & Wilson" model 
A, the hook ; C, bobbin ; D, 
case ; B, spindle and carrier 
hook. 




1576. HOOK OF THE ''WHEELER 
& WILSON " SEWING-MACHINE.— The 
hook is rotated by the shaft, catches the 
needle loop, and carries the thread around a 
disc bobbin. 



MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 



381 



SPDOIPN 

PidiOfF if smimmua 




1577. SEWING-MACHINK 

" Wilcox & Gibbs " model, show- 
ing the designation of parts. 



1578. SPRING MOTOR, for sewing-machine. A strong coiled 

spring and a gear 
crain, like a clock 
train on a larger scale, 
geared to the driving 
shaft. The pedal is 
changed and arrang- 
ed as a friction stop 
and speed regulator. 

1579. End view. 





1580. TINPLATE LAC- 
QUERING MACHINE.— 
The roller is elastic. The 
lacquer is fed to the roller by 
small rollers and equalized 
by scrapers. 




1581. SINGLE- CYLINDER 
PRINTING PRESS.— A t}^pe of 
the use of cams, levers, shafts, 
gearing, etc., in combination with 
rotary and rectilinear motion. 



382 



MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 




1582. TYPEWRITING 
MACHINE, "Smith" Premier 
model. Eighty-four characters. 



1583. TYPEWRITING 
MACHINE, " Remington " 
model. Eighty-four charac- 
ters. 




1584. ''GORDON" PRINTING 
PRESS . — Single cylinder, for bill and 
letter press-work. 



1585. RACK AND PAWL wheel lifting-jack 
Lower pawl is operated by a lever or crank. 



MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 



3^3 




1586. BALL-BEARING SCREW JACK.— 
The balls run in grooves between the bearing 
plates. 



1587. HYDRAULIC TRANSFER 
JACK. — For lifting cars or transferring 
over temporary rails. The extension of 
the truck axles allows for adjustment to 
any gauge railroad. 




1588. RAIL-CUTTING SAW.— The saw is 
driven by a trundle pinnion meshing in the teeth 
of the saw and geared up to the crank. The 
saw is fed by a screw moving the gear frame 
down on the rail. 



1589. PROUTY-NOBLE AUTO- 
MATIC, OR SELF-WINDING 
BRAKE. — The central chain spool 3 
runs loose on the car axle and between 
two friction flanges, one of which is 
fast to the axle and the other slides 
on a feather. The contact of the 
inside cones of the brake spool 4 with the outside cones of the 
friction flanges i and 2 causes the chain spool to wind up the brake 
chain and hold it by friction. 



3^4 



MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 




1590. STREET-CAR SAND BOX. 
— The operation of the lever, pawl, and 
rachet wheel turns the twisted carrier and 
at the same time revolves the toothed feed 
wheel. 




1 59 1. FRICTION BRAKE for 
street-railway cars. A leather washer 
between the flange of the brake spool 
and axle flange is the friction sur- 
face. The spool is held by a short 
wind of the chain either way. The 
diagonally cut sleeve is elongated by 
a pull on the connecting rods, which 
compresses the friction surfaces. 




1592. CAR TRUCK 
for street railways. Sub- 
frame and compound 
system of springs. 




1593. STREET-CAR TRUCK 
with spring frame and brake 
connections. 




1594. CAR TRUCK 

for street railway. " Peck- 
ham " model. Compound 
system of springs. 




1595. TROLLEY CAR TRUCK.— 

The larger wheel is geared to the 
motor. The small wheel is the 
trailer. 



MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 



385 




1596. FREIGHT-CAR TRUCK, 
forward half, with brake, beam, 
and safety chain ; spring and 
bearing bar. 




1597. CABLE RAILWAY GRIP.— 

Friction sheaves are drawn tightly on the 
cable by a vertical bar in the frame plate. 
Friction is increased by further tightening 
the grip wheel. 

1598. Showing wheel connection with 
grip. 




1599. CABLE GRIP FOR 
STREET RAILWAYS.—^, 

b^ grip jaws and blocks ; ^, 
pull-up to throw the cable out 
of the jaws ; ^/, </, frame 
plates ; e^ grip plate connected 
to by and operated by the bell 
crank levers g,g\ f, /, pull-up 
attached to frame and dis- 
engaging pieces c, c. 

1600. End view of grip. 




1601. LINKED HINGES for reversing car 
seat backs. 



386 



MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 





1602. ENDLESS CABLE 
GRIP CAR. — A stationary jaw 
under the cable. A movable jaw 
on top operated by a grip lever 
above. Used for towing min- 
ing cars. 

1603. STREET RAIL- 
WAY SWEEPING 
CAR. — The cylin- 
drical sweeper is 
driven from the axle 
by bevel gear. 




1604. EQUALIZ- 
ING LEVER for dis- 
tributing the load on 
car springs. 



1605. NOVEL CAR BRAKE.— The connecting bar between 
the brakes is adjustable for a small movement of the brake lever to 

bring the brakes into opera- 
tion. When the brake is 
put on from the front plat- 
form, with the car running 
either way, the motion of 
the front wheel tightens the 
brake by its friction on the brake shoe, lessening the labor of han- 
dling the brake. 





1606. WOODEN FRAME TURN-TABLE, showing method 
of framing. 



MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 



387 




1607. IRON FRAME TURN-TABLE, showing design of cast 
iron panels. Wrought-iron top chord. 




1608. SINGLE-CYLIN- 
DER LOCOMOTIVE.— 

Centre crank, for narrow- 
gauge roads. 

i6o8rt:. End view. 




1609. MODERN LOCOMOTIVE and tender. 




1610. PASSENGER LOCOMOTIVE.— Eight-wheel model. 



388 



MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 




f6ji. TEN-WHEEL FREIGHT LOCOMOTIVE.— Recent type.- 




1612. FREIGHT LOCOMOTIVE.— Consolidation type. 




1613. CENTRE VALVE, for a gas house. A 
four-part valve for a purifier. Arranged to cut out 
any one of four purifier pans. 

1 614. Plan showing position of valve. 



MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 



3S9 




1615. DISC VALVE, for large gas pipes. The 
disc is revolved by a pinion meshed m a sector gear 
on the disc. 




161 6. CENTRE GUIDE GAS HOLDER. 

A, the holder. 
b^ centre guide. 

^, tube sliding on centre guide. 

B, tank. 



1617. COUNTER-WEIGHTED GAS 
HOLDER. 



A, the holder. 

B, the water seal. 

C, the counter weights. 



'^^^^^^^^^^ic;^^'^'^ 




1618. EXPANDING PIPE STOPPER. - A 
rubber ring compressed between two flanges by a 
bolt and thumb screw. 



^^^i^^^ 



1 6 19. LANTERN BELLOWS DRY GAS 
METER. — The two pair of bellow chambers, A, 
A, are alternately filled with gas under the service 
pressure, by which the movement of the central 
diaphragm (to which are attached pivots that move 
the arms of a rock shaft for each pair of bellows) 
is made. From the top of the rock shaft an arm 
-revolves a spindle that operates the valve by sliding it over the dif- 
ferent ports to the two pairs of bellows, and also revolves the gear 
Irain of the dials. 




39° 



MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 




1620. WET GAS METER. — Gas enters 
through the hollow axis of the four compartments 
of the drum in a pipe, which turns up just above 
the water level and fills each compartment suc- 
cessively, and by its pressure causes the drum to 
revolve in the direction of the arrow and registers 
The motion is transmitted through a counter train 



on a set of dials. 

adapted to separate dial readings. 



162 1. DRY GAS METER and regis- 
tering train. Two vertical rock shafts, C, 
D, are vibrated alternately by the bellows 
B, through the connecting arm W. By 
this movement the toggle arm pivoted ta 
the rock-shaft cranks is made to swing 
the arm of the vertical screw-gear shaft,, 
and to set the dial train in motion. 

1622. GAS PRESSURE REGULATOR, 

" Powers " patent. The small annular recepticle 
around the end of the inlet pipe E is partly filled 
with mercury, over which the inverted cup valve 
is suspended to a lever, the other end of which is 
attached to a larger inverted cup sealed in an 
annular trough of mercury. F is the outlet to the 
lighting pipes. Any excess of pressure in the lighting system raises 
the large float and, through the lever, closes the cup valve to regulate 
the flow of gas from the service pipe. 





1623. GAS PRESSURE REGULATOR. 

— An elastic diaphragm is fastened between 
dished discs and connected to a conical 
valve disc by a light adjustable spindle. 
The pressure for the burners is regulated by 
ring weights at H, and the proper position! 
of the valve by the nuts on the long screw 
at the top of the spindle. The screw cap- 
K may be placed on either inlet as con- 
venient. 



MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 



391 




1624. GAS PRESSURE REGU- 
LATOR. — The gas flows in at the bot- 
tom and out at the side. The inverted 
float or basin is sealed in an annular 
cavity by mercury and free to rise under 
excessive pressure and partially to close 
the valve in the inlet. 




1625. FUEL GAS BURNER, for stoves. Made to push into 

a cook stove through 

the side door. The fuel 

<:^:^°y/ .^S^Mvili imUft _^93n_;a or natural gas enters 

the Bunsen tube at the 
right and is further 
mixed with air under 
the caps, which are also revolvmg dampers for shuting off the gas 
from one or two of the three burners. 

1626. GAS FURNACE.— The air 
injector draws the gas into an annular 
nozzle and mixes with it, forcing the 
mixed gas and air through the tube to 
the furnace. 

1627. GAS-HEATED INCUBATOR. 

-n A hot-water tank heated by a small 
Bunsen burner or lamp. ^, c, d, Circulat- 
ing pipes ; /, regulating cock ; e, ex- 
pansion cup. 

1628. Thermostat regulator. ^, Ther- 
mostat, consisting of a corrugated metal 
diaphragm between two cupped plates 

and connected to the lever of the wick gear or gas cock with a spring 
to balance the pressure of a volatile fluid on the opposite side of the 
diaphragm, which may be ether, which boils at 100° F. 




392 



MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 



1629. ACETYLENE GAS GENERATOR, " Troubetzkoy » 
model. Has a water flow governed by the rise in the holder. J, Bal- 
anced gas holder; G, 
water seal tank ; B, B, 
generators, two or four ; 
A, small water tank ; <?, 
pipe to convey water to 
generators ; b^ govern- 
ing valve, operated by 
the rise and fall of the 
gas holder. 

1630. Section of gen- 
erator. The water en- 
ters the generators successively through the inverted siphon ; g^ g, g, 
pans of carbide sealed by the cap /i in the annular water tank. 





<t«i 



1 63 1. ACETYLENE GAS GEN- 
ERATOR.— A gas holder and four 
carbide holders. The holders are con- 
nected to a vertical pipe at varying 
heights, so that only one at a time is 
fed with water. The water-flow is reg- 
ulated by the rise and fall of the gas 
holder. 




1632. AUTOMATIC GASOLINE AND 
MANTLE LAMP.— The gasoline flows 
from the reservoir to the D-shaped vapor- 
izer, regulated by a needle valve. The 
vaporizer over the lamp chimney generates 
a vapor pressure. The gas vapor is jetted 
into the opposite tube, mixing with air and 
producing an air vapor gas, which flows to 
the mantle burner below. 

1633. Mantle and chimney. 



MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 



393 




1634. ACETYLENE GENER- 
ATOR AND GAS HOLDER. 
— The carbide is charged into the 
small vessel suspended from the 
cross pipe, with a stopcock above. 
A connection for a second carbide 
vessel is also seen. Water from 
the holder rims through a jointed 
pipe and drips into the sealed fun- 
nel. The water nozzle is lifted by 
the rise of the holder and stops the 
flow of water. The small vessel 



at the bottom is a sealed washer and drip catch. 




1635. ACETYLENE BURNER, made of 
lava. The burner holes are at an angle of 
90° on inner face of the arms. The air-mix- 
ing holes are on each side of the arms. Ger- 
man. Gleason Manufacturing Company. 




1636. ACETYLENE BURNER.— A double 

flame burner at right angles. The small holes 
in the sides of the tips allow air to enter and 
mingle with the acetylene gas before it is 
ignited, thus making a mixture of gas and air 
that makes a clear flame and a safe burner. 



rLsn 

\ B" 

1 



1637. BAYONET JOINT.— The pin fixed in the part A 
slips into the L-shaped slot of the piece B, and by turning is 
locked. 



394 



MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 




1638. GUN LOCK.— I, lock plate; 
2, hammer; 3, mainspring; 4, tum- 
bler; 5, sear or trigger lever ; 6, sear 
spring. 



1639. COLT CYLINDER REVOLVING 
DEVICE for firearms. a^ the pawl that 
catches the circular ratchet <^; c^ a spring that 
pushes the pav^^l into the teeth of the ratchet ; 
D, the hammer butt to which is pinioned the 
pawl and the spring K. 




1640. MAGAZINE RIFLE, 

" Lee - Metford " model. 
Magazine in the barrel stock. 




1641. "MARTINI-HENRY" RIFLE.— 
The breech block is pivoted 
at the rear end and is thrown 
up or down by the lever at 
the rear of the trigger guard. 
A spring plunger in the 
breech block, let go by the 
trigger, explodes the charge. 




1642. CHASSEPOT GUN.— A needle gun. The cartridge 
is inserted by hand ; the plunger runs forward and is locked by turn- 
ing into a notch. Centre fire. 



MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 



395 



1643. REMINGTON RIFLE 




A breech block, operated by a 
handle, is pulled back to- 
allow the cartridge to be 
charged by hand, when the 
breech and the block are 
locked. The hammer strikes 
a firing pin within the breech, 
block. 

REMINGTON" MAGAZINE 

GUN. — The magazine is 
placed in the stock under the 
barrel. The cartridge is lifted 
by a pivoted carrier and 
pushed forward by the breech. 



block. Central spring plunger hammer. 




"HOTCHKISS" MAGAZINE 

GUN. — The reserve cartridges 

^^g are carried in the gun stock 

^j and forwarded by a light spring. 

— ' The breech bolt draws back by 

the handle, when the cartridge 

is raised and pushed forward 



:^^ 



into the barrel. .Centre pin spring hammer. 




' LEBEL " RIFLE.— 

^^^ Magazine under the 

^^^^^^ barrel in the extension 
of the stock. A sliding; 
breech block and pis- 
ton hammer. 



1647 




MAUSER " RIFLE.— 

Magazine in the 
forestock. The slid- 
ing breech block 
encloses the firing- 
spring plunger and 
raises the cartridge 
lever A. 



396 



MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 




1648. "WINCHESTER" MAGAZINE RIFLE.— 

The breech lock slides 
in line with the barrel 
by a toggle link, oper- 
ated by the breech le- 
ver, which also operates 
the cartridge lever, rais- 
ing the cartridge to its 

position for charging. Drawing back of the breech block carries the 

hammer back to its firing position, 

1649. DISAPPEARING GUN, 
"Moncrief" model. The cycloidal 
curved rack arm E is counter- 
weighted, which balances the re- 
coil of the gun by its increased 
|jih~ leverage. The small connecting 
rod, rack, and pinion adjust the 
gun's alignment. 




INDEX. 



Accumulator, hydraiilic, 1 53 
Acetylene burners, 393 

generators, 392, 393 
Air power appliances, 165-185 

brake, 178 

compressing cylinders, 174 

compressor governor, 175 

compressors, 170-174 

pump, i75» 176 
Anchor ferry, 151 

screw, 213 
Aneroid barometer, 165 
Angular couplings, 276-278, 317-319 
Arastras, 305 
Aspirator, vacuum, 162 
Atomizer, 161 
Auger, sand, 160 
Automatic flush tank, 161 

B 

Ball bearings, 3 1 4, 3 1 5» 3^3 

joints, 157, 158,337 

nozzle, 161 
Barometer, aneroid, 165 
Bearing, step, 315-317 

thrust, 217 
Bellows, 168 
Belt holder, 324 

lacing, 32, 33 

transmission, 34-37 

twist, 33, 34 
Belting, 32-37 
Belts, cone, 34, 35 
Bicycle gear, 223-225 

lamps, 225 
Bicycles, ice, 223 
Blacksmith's helper, 330 
Blowers, fan, 168, 299, 300 

rotary, 169 
Blowpipes, gasoline and air, 184, 185 



Boat-landing steps, 213 
Bobbin winders, 344, 345 
Boiler cleaner, 1 1 1 

feed water heater, m 

tube expanders, 326 
Boilers, 57-63 
Box kite, 165 
Brake, " prony," 47 

straps, 301 
Brakes, railway, 383, 384, ^2^ 
Breakers, coal and rock, 30^ 
Bridge, suspension, 359, 36c 

trusses, 356-359 
Buckets and skip, 302 

dredge, 309 
Buoy, floating light, 213 
Burner, petroleum, 66 
Bye-pass, 335 



Cable grips, 385, 386 

hoists, 354 
Calipers, 336 

Cam motion, 259, 260, 267-274 
Cantilever, 355, 359 
Capstan windlass, 29 
Car, sweeping, 386 

trucks, 384, 385 
Carburetter, 124 
Carriages, horseless, 220-223 
Cars, dumping, 304, 352, 353 
Carving machine, 377 
Centrifugal separator, 333 
Chain stop, 212 
Chinese shaft derrick, 25 

wheel, 22 

windlass, 25 
Chuck, universal, 327 
Clamp, wood-bending, 325 
Clamps, 325 

Clock escapements, 283-28S 
Cloth dresser, 345 



398 



INDEX. 



Clutches, friction, 320-323 
Coal crushers, 304 

cutters, 299 
Coal-cutting machines, 299 

loading towers, 301 
Collapsing taps and dies, 326, 327 
Compensating pendulums, 283 
Compressed air, 1/0-185 

air hammers, 181 

air tools, 182-184 ' 
Compressors, 170-176 
Concrete mixer, 349 
Condenser ejector, 109, no 

vacuum jet, 145 
Cone pulleys, 34, 35 
Connecting rods and ends, 125— 1 27 
Construction, 349-360 
Conveyers, 302, 303, 354 
Cotton press, 343 
Counters, 53, 54 
Couplings, angle, 317-319 
Cranes, 378-38;; 

travelling, 338, 339, 334 
Crank equalizing angle, 175, 176 

motions, 267, 268 

pin lubrication, 90 

trammel, 89 

transrrassion, 40 
Cross-head, slotted, 89 
Curve delineators, 364-368 



D 

TDerricks, 353, 354 
Diamond drills, 297, 298 
Differential gear, 222 
Draughting devices, 363-367 
Dredge buckets, 309 
Dredges, 309, 310 
Drills, multiple, 329, 330 

portable, 329, 336 

rock, 297, 298 
Drop hammer, 331 
Dry-docks, 214 
Dumping cars, 304, 352, 353 
Dynamometers, 47-49 
Dynamos, 189-192 



E 

Eccentrics, 78, 219 
Ejectors, 148, 350 
Electric brake, 194, 201 

carriages, 221, 222 

cut-out, 193 

drill, 200 

fans, 202 

furnaces, 199 

gas lighter, 196, 197 

generators, 189-192 

heater, 19S 

igniters, 195 

light, 197, 198 

machine, 195 

pen, 201 

power and consituction, 189-202 

rheostat, 193 

rock drill, 201 

telephone, 196 

thermostat, 195 

tricycle, 223 

trolley cars, 193, 194 

welding, 200 
Elevators, 301, 302, 338, 217-379 
Ellipsographs, 365, 366 
Elliptical crank motion, 273, 275 
Engines, gas, 117, 120 

piston, rotary, 94, 95 

rotary, 90-100 

steam, 67-100 

turbine, 99, 100 

vibrating, 96-98 
Escapement, power, 271 
Escapements, 284, 291 
Exhaust condenser. 108, 109 

heads, 114 



Fans, 300 
Feed gear, 334 
Ferguson's paradox, 250 
Filtering cisterns, 155 
Filters, in, 154-157 
Firearms, 394-396 
Fire extinguishers, 179, 180 
Flexible coupling, 192 



INDEX. 



399 



Flexible pipe joints, 157, 158 

tube, 373 
Fountain, Hero, 162 
Friction brake, 383, 384 

clutches, 320-323 

gear, 37-39 

machine, 49 
Furnaces, electric, 199 

underfed, 65, 375 

G 

Gas engine carburetter^ 124 

engine lubricators, 125 

engine motor car, 121 

engine piston rods, 125 

engine valve gear, 1 21-124 

engines, 117-120, 221 
Gas furnace and burner, 391 

holders, 389 

meters, 389, 390 

regulators, 390, 391 

valves, 388, 389 
Gasoline mantle lamp, 392 

motor, 221 

motor carriage, 221 
Gauge, pressure, 50, 51 
Gearing, 40-43, 229-250 

ball, 238 

bevel, 42 

change motion, 245 

crown, 42 

differential, 238-241, 246 

eccentric, 248, 249 

elastic, 41 

elliptic, 43 

epicyclic, 247, 249 

equalizing 246 

feed, 334 

Ferguson's para/loA, 250 

friction, 37, 39 

Humpage, 239 

intermitte'it, 243, 244 

internal spur, 42 

mangle, 232, 233 

mutilated, 43 

oblique, 43 

oblique tooth, 41 



Gearing, planetary motion, 248-250 

rack, 229-232, 278 

release, 235 

reversing, 334 

skew, 43 

spiral, 42, 238 

split, 41 

star wheel, 41 

step, 40 

stop, 242, 243 

trains, 43, 334 

variable motion, 236, 237, 242 

V-tooth, 41 

worm, 233, 235 
Giant, hydraulic, 306 
Gold-mining machines, 306 
Governors, 83-88 

air compressor, 175 

fly-wheel, 88, 89 

marine, 217 
Grates, shaking, 63, 64 
Grinding machines, 342, 343, 353 
Guns, 394, 396 
Gyroscope, 278 

H 

Hammers, 181, 330, 331 

helve, 330, 331 
Hangers, shaft, 313, 314 
Hay press, 377 
Heaters, electric, 198 

feed-water, in 
Hitches and knots, 210-212 
Hoists, 300, 301, 339 
Hook, releasing, 212 
Horological, 282-293 
Horseless carriages, 220-223 
Horse -powers, 371, 372 
Hydraulic air compressors, 170-172 

intensifier, 153 

jack, 383 

lifts and elevators, 154, 162 

power and devices, 131-162 

presses, 152, 153 

ram, 149, 150 

tools, 153 

transmission, 147 



400 



INDEX. 



Ice boat, 210 
Idler pulleys, 35, yj 
Inclined plane, 21 
Indicators, speed, 52 
Incubator, 391 
Injectors, 103-108 

Intermittent rotary motion, 254-257, 
263, 264 

J 

Jacks, 383 
Jet nozzle, 161, 162 
Joints, expansion, 113 
flexible, 113 



Mills, grinding, 342-344 
mixing, 349, 377 

pug, 349 
Mining appliances, 297-310 
Miscellaneous devices, 370-396 
Motion and its devices, 279 

cam, 259, 260, 268-274 

elliptical crank, 273, 275 

ratchet circular, 254-258 

reciprocating, 259-261 

rectilinear, 277 

stops, 258, 259 
Motive power, 11 7-1 27 
Motor cars, 121 

weight, 25 
Multiple drilling machines, 329. 33C' 



K 

Kite, box, 165 

Knitting machines, 345, 346 

Knots and hitches, 210-212 



Lamp, safety, 300 
Level, road builders, 218 
Lever and its power, 19, 20 

compound, 20 

paradox, 19 

revolving, 21 

rope twist, 25 
Lewis, 353 

Lighthouse, floating, 213 
Links, connecting, 127 
Locomotive types, 387, 388 
Lubricators, 125, 335, 

M 

Magnetic ore separators, 307, 308 
Measurement of powers, ;/— 54 
Measurer, tire, 54 
Mechanical powers, 17-26 

stokers, 64-66 
Meters, water, 50, 151, 160 
Mill and factory appliances, 346 



N 



Navigation and roads, 205-225 



O 

Oarlock, swinging, 213 
Ore mills, 305 

roaster, 308 

separators, 307, 308 



Paddle wheels, feathering, 214 
Pantographs, 366 
Paradox, Ferguson's, 250 

lever, 19 
Parallel motion, 51, 79-82, 143 
Pendulums, 283 
Petroleum burner, 66 
Pile driving, 351,352 
Pipe joints, 157, 158 
Planimeter, 51 
Planer, 343 
Pneumatic cleaning, 179 

locomotive, 178 

paint sprayer, 179 

tools, 180-184 
Power measurement, 47-54 
Press, coal dust, 306 



INDEX. 



401 



Presses, 325, 328, 343, 344, 377 
Pressure gauges, 50, 5 [ 

reducing valves, no, 151, 152 
Printing machine, 381, 382 
Prony brake, 47 
Propellers, 215, 216 

reversing, 216, 217 
Pulleys as levers, 21 

friction, 37-39 

grooved, 30 

speed, 36, 2,7 
Pump, centrifugal, 144 

condenser, 109 

connections, 140 

rotary, 144-147 

screw, 144 

steam, 108, 139, 140 

valve gear, 108, 109 

valves, 158, 159 
Pumping engine, 139 
Pumps, lift and force, 140-143 
Punching presses, 332 



R 



Ram, hydraulic, 149, 150 

Ratchet bars, 253 

Ratciiet, circular motions, 254-258 

Ratchets, 253-258, 382 

Reciprocating motion, 259-263, 265, 

266 
Reducing valves, no, 151 
Resolution of forces, 17-19 

of suspension, 17, 18 

of thrust, 18, 19 
Rifles, 394-396 
Rivetting machines, 332 
Road-builders' level, 218 
Road machine, 219 

roller, eccentric, 219 

rollers, 219 
Rock-drill valve motion, 298, 299 
Rolls, tube, 340-342 
Roof trusses, 356 
Rope ends, hook and clip, 26 
Rope transmission, 29-31 
Rumbling mill, t,2,^ 



Safety catch, 258, 259 

lamp, 300 

valves, 66, 67 
Sails and vessels, 205-210 
Sand box, 384 

ejector, 350 
Saws, band, 328 

rail, 383 

wabble, 327 
Scales, w-eighing and measuring, 52, 

53 
Screw power, 22 

movement, 335 

propellers, 215, 216 
hreads, t,Z7^ Z2>^^ Z73 
Separator, t,t,2> 
Sewing-machines, 380, 381 
Shaft ball bearings, 314, 315 

couplings, 277, 278, 317-3x9 

hangers, 313, 314 
Shears, 327, 328 
Sheep shears, 372 
Siphons, 147, 148 
Slip hooks, 351 
Sounding balls, 217, 218 
Spanish windlass, 26 » 

Speed indicator, 52 

pulleys, 36, 27 
Spiral motion, 268 
Spring motor, 381 
Springs, 279 

trace, 220 
Sprinkler, automatic, 149 
Sprocket and chain, 40 
Stamp mills, 305, 330 
Static force, 17 
Steam air compressors, 171, 174 

appliances, 103-114 

fire engine, 221 

pumps, 108, 139, 140 

power, 57-100 

separators, 1 1 1 

traps, 112, 113 

tricycle, 220 

universal joint, 335 
Steam-engines, 67-100 

link motion, 74-78 



36 



402 



INDEX. 



Steam-engines, piston rotary, 94, 95 

rotary, 90-100 

turbine, 99, 100 

valve gear, 71-78 

vibrating, 96, 98 
Steering gear, 29 
Step bearings, 315 

gear, 40 
Stirring machines, 349, y]"] 
Stokers, mechanical, 64-66 
Stop motion, 258, 259 
Stump puller, 350 
Submarine lamp, 218 
Sun and planet motion, 2 x6 
Sun dial, 373 
Swing treadle, 332 



Tackle blocks, 22-25, 340, 341 
Tension carriage, 31 

machine, 50 
Testing cement, 350 
Thrust bearing, 217 
Timber splicing, 355, 356 
Tire shrinker, 331, 332 
Tongs, grip, 351, 352 
Tool, centering, 335 
Towers, unloading, 301 
Trace springs, 220 
Tramways, 303, 339 
Trap, return, 1 1 2 

steam, 112, 113 
Treadles, 332 
Tread mills, 371 
Tricycles, 222, 223 
Trip hammers, 330, 331 

hooks, 351 
Trucks, car, 384, 385 
Trusses, 356-359 
Tube rolling, 341, 342 
Turbines, 135-137 
Turn-tables, 386, 387 
Typewriting, 382 



U 

Universal couplings, 318, 319 

joints, 277-335 
Upsetting tires, 331,332 

V 

Vacuum pump, 162 
Valves, check, 114 

double beat, 158, 159 

gas, 388, 389 

globe, 114 

reducing, 1 10 

relief, 114 

gear, gas engine, 121— 124 

gear, steam engine, 71-78 
Variable crank throw, 275, 276 

speed devices, 323, 324 
Velocity registers, 151 
Ventilators, 185, 299, 300 
Vernier calipers, 336 
Vessels, raising, by compressed air, j ;7 

W 

Watch escapements, 289-292 

stops, 292 
Water lift, compressed air, 177 

ejectors, 148 

meters, 150, 151 

power, 138, 139 

pressure reducers, 151, 152 
Water-wheels, 1 31-135 

governors, 137, 138 

impact, 138 
Wedge, 22 
Weight motor, 25 
Well boring, 297 

driven, 160 

pump, compressed air, 176, 177 
Wheels, elastic, 221 
Wind instruments, 186 

mills, 165-167 
Windlass, Spanish, 26 
Wire drawing and covering, 376 
Wood-bending clamps, 325 
Worm gear, 22-43 



Bureau of Reclamation 
Washington Oface, Engineerlmg Pllea. 



JUST PUBLISHED. 

Linear Perspective 

By HERMAN T. C. KRAUS, C.E. 

Oblongf, Handsomely Bound in Cloth, with 14 Finely 
Executed Plates with Descriptive Text» 



Pfjice S2mSO 



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Attorneys, Art Designers, Engravers, and for Draftsmen 

engaged in all the Industrial Arts. Containing 

fourteen plates of practical examples, 

with explanatory text. 

The underlying principle by which objects may be correctly repre- 
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having a fair knowledge of the rudiments of mechanical drawing. 

A special descriptive circular of ttiis book mailed on application. 



NORMAN W. HENLEY & CO., Publishers, 
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JUST PUBLISHED. 



Fourth Edition^ Revised and Much Enlarged* 

Qas, Gasoline and Oil Engines. 

By Gardner D. Misco^, M. J5. 

LARGE OCTAVO. 384 PAGES. PRICE, $2.50. 



The only American Book on the subject. 

A book designed for the general information of every one inter, 
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increasing demand for a cheap and easily managed motor requiring 
no licensed engineer. 

The book treats of the theory and practice of Gas, Gasoline, and 
Oil Engines, as designed and manufactured in the United States. It 
also contains chapters on Horseless Vehicles, Electric-Lighting, 
Marine Propulsion, etc. 

Third Edition. Iliustrated by 270 Engravings. Revised and Enlarged. 



A FEW EXTRACTS OF NOTICES FROM THE PRESS. 

This book is ^v^itten in a plain, concise style, which will commend it to practical men. 
— Colliery Engineer. 

It is a very comprehensive and thoroughly up-to-date work. — American Machinist. 

Mr. Hiscox'8 work, devoted to American practice, is practically unique in subject, 
and this fact superadded to its merits, and the authority of the widely known enoineer who 
■writes it, gives it a value all its own. —Scientific Ameiican. 

The subjects treated in this book are timely and interesting, as there is no doubt as to 
the increasing use of Gas. Gasoline, and Oil Engines, particularly for small powers. It gives 
such general information on the construction, operation and care of these engines, that 
should j)rove valuable to any one in need of such motors, as well as those already having 
them in use. — Machinery. 

The author has signally succeeded in his task. This work is one of the most valuable 
contributions to -angineering literature that has come into existence for years. 

Every detail of the subject is considered, and the construction of nearly every known 
gas and oil motor on the American market is given. — Scientific Machinist. 



NORMAN W. HENLEY & CO., Publishers, 

132 NASSAU STREET, NEW YORK. 

'«*Copies of above book prepaid to any address on receipt of price. 



JUST PUBLISHED. 



THIR,r> EI>ITIO]V 



The Modern flachinist, 

By JOHN T. USHER, Machinist. 



PRICE, . » _ = $2.50. 



Specially Adapted to the Use of Machinists, Apprentices, 
Designers, Engineers and Constructors. 



A practica' treatise embracing the most approved methods of modern machine-shop practice, 
embrsKiing the applications of recent improved appliances, tools, and devices for facilitating, duplicating, 
and expediting the construction of machines and their parts. 

A NEW BOOK FROn COVER TO COVER. 

£very illustration in this book represents a new device in machine-^sliop 
practice, and the engravings have been made specially for it. 



8vo. 322 Pages. 257 Illustrations. Price, $^.50. 



What is said of " The Modern Machinist." 

This is anew work of merit. It is on " Modern Machine Shop Methods," as its name implies. 
It is thoroughly up to date, •was written by one of the best-tnown and progressive machinists of the day, 
is the modern exponent of the science, and all its subjects are treated according to latest developments. 
In short, the book is new from cover to to cover, and is one that every machinist, apprentice, designer, 
engineer, or constructor should possess. — Scientific Machinist. 

This book is the most complete treatise of its kind that has yet come under our observation, and 
contains all that is most modern and approved and of the highest efficiency in machine-shop practice, 
■etc., etc. — Age op Steel. 

There is nothing experimental or visionary about this book, all devices being in actual use and 
-giving good results. It might perhaps be called a compendium of shop methods, showing a variety of 
-special tools and appliances which will give new ideas to many mechanics, from the superintendent to 
'the man at the bench. It will be found a valuable addition to any library, and will be consulted 
whenever a new or difficult job is to be done. — Machinekv. 



NORMAN W. HENLEY A CO., pubushbrh, 
132 NASSAU STREET, NEW ^ORK. 

;»0# Clopies of the above sent prepaid on receipt of price. 



A Complete Electrical Library 

By Prof. T. O'CONOR SLOANE. 

;he best electrical books. each one sold separately. 

How to Become a Successful Electrician I 

IMustrated. $1.00. 

It Is the ambition of thousands of young and old to become electrical engineers. Not er^ry 
one is i_repared to spend several thousand dollars upon a college course, even if the three or 
lour years requisite are at tbeir disposal. It is possible to become an electrical engineer- 
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Electricity Simplified. 

Third Edition. Illustrated. $1.00. 

This work is the simplest ever published on the subject of Klectricity, and does something- 
not hitherto accomplished. Electricity is in many respects unexplained by the scientist; to 
the ordinary man it is all a mystery. The object of " Electricity Simplified " is to mako the 
subject as plain as possible. 

tl6CtriG I Oy~m3Kin§, Dynamo Buiiding and Electric-Moiar Construction. 

Very Fully Illustrated. $1.00. 

This work treats of the making at home of Electrical Toys, Electrical Apparatus, Motors, 
Dynamos and Instruments in general, and is designed to bring within the re»'h of young, 
and old the manufacture of genuine and useful electrical appliances. 
The work is specially designed for amateurs and young folks. 

Arithmetic of Electricity. 

Fourth Edition. Illustrated. $1.00. 

A Practical Treatise on Electrical Calculations of all kinds, reduced to a series of rules, all. 
of the simplest forms, and involviug only ordinary arithmetic ; each rule illustrated by ona. 
or more practical problems, with detailed solution of each one. Followed by an extensive 
series of Tables. 

TVe can recommend the work. — Electrical Enginkkb. 



Standard Electrical Dictionary. 



624 Pages. 350 Illustrations. Cloth, 8vo, $3.00. 

The work is absolutely indispensable to all in any way interested in " Electrical Science," 
from the hiiher electrical expert to the every-day electrical workman. In fact, it should be 
in the po^isession of all who desire to keep abreast with the progress of the greatest science 
ot the times. 

The diationary gives evidence of a large amount of painstaking work on the part of 
the author, and possesses features which must be commended. Among these, the author, 
wherever occasion required it, has furnished the synonyms of terms, and the book is giveik 
an additional value by an alphabetical index, which enables it to be consulted for terms both 
collectively and individually. The work will prove of value to the reader, whether pro- 
fessional or non-professional. The definitions are put tersely and concisely, so that the 
inquiring reader can carry away a defined, net impression as to what is meant. Any stu- 
dent who will spend his leisure hours over the volume will be amply repaid for his time 
and trouble. The book is very clearly printed in bold type on good paper, and is well bound. 
— Electbicai. Engineek. 

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Electricians, Machinists, Engineers, and all other practical 

trades, sent free to any address, on request. 

NORMAN W. HENLEY <& CO., Publishers, 

132 NASSAU STKEET, NEAV YORK. 













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